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A further 10% is used for nickel-based and copper-based alloys, 9% for plating, 7% for alloy steels, 3% in foundries, and 4% in other applications such as in rechargeable batteries, [15] including those in electric vehicles (EVs). [16] Nickel is widely used in coins, though nickel-plated objects sometimes provoke nickel allergy.
Decorative bright nickel is used in a wide range of applications. It offers a high luster finish, corrosion protection, and wear resistance. In the automotive industry bright nickel can be found on bumpers, rims, exhaust pipes and trim. It is also used for bright work on bicycles and motorcycles.
According to the intergovernmental International Nickel Study Group, as of 2017, an estimated 75% of primary nickel usage went to stainless steel; 3.7% went to the battery industry; and the remainder went to other applications. [4] By 2023, approximately 65% of primary nickel usage went to stainless steel and 15% to the battery industry. [11]
Nickel superalloy jet engine turbine blade. A superalloy, or high-performance alloy, is an alloy with the ability to operate at a high fraction of its melting point. [1] Key characteristics of a superalloy include mechanical strength, thermal creep deformation resistance, surface stability, and corrosion and oxidation resistance.
The nickel content of individual Chinese products varied from about 1.6% to as much as 80%, depending upon customer end use. [2] In the United States, the steel industry accounted for virtually all the ferronickel consumed in 2008, with more than 98% used in stainless and heat-resistant steels; no ferronickel was produced in the US in 2008. [2]
Electroless nickel plating, covered by a thin layer of gold, is used in the manufacture of printed circuit boards (PCBs), to avoid oxidation and improving the solderability of copper contacts and plated through holes and vias. The gold is typically applied by quick immersion in a solution containing gold salts.
Cadmium powder: Glazed used on ceramics, transparent conductors, nickel-cadmium batteries; Iron powder: Magnetic products, printing, brake pads, certain types of dyes and stains; Nickel powder: used for corrosion resistance, such as in the marine industry; Raney nickel: used as a catalyst; Platinum black: used as a catalyst
Vale Inco produces over 100 million pounds (ca. 45000 tonnes) of nickel metal annually by the carbonyl process. [citation needed] The carbonyl process has been used to produce molds in custom shapes for industry. Such molds have been used in plastic molding and other manufacturing techniques.