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African Americans have significantly contributed to the history, culture, and development of Illinois since the early 18th century. The African American presence dates back to the French colonial era where the French brought black slaves to the U.S. state of Illinois early in its history, [3] and spans periods of slavery, migration, civil rights movement, and more.
Racial segregation follows two forms, de jure and de facto. De jure segregation mandated the separation of races by law, and was the form imposed by U.S. states in slave codes before the Civil War and by Black Codes and Jim Crow laws following the war, primarily in the Southern United States .
1864–1908: [Statute] Passed three Jim Crow laws between 1864 and 1908, all concerning miscegenation. School segregation was barred in 1876, followed by ending segregation of public facilities in 1885. Four laws protecting civil liberties were passed between 1930 and 1957 when the anti-miscegenation statute was repealed.
The Chicago race riot of 1919 was a violent racial conflict between white Americans and black Americans that began on the South Side of Chicago, Illinois, on July 27 and ended on August 3, 1919. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] During the riot, 38 people died (23 black and 15 white). [ 3 ]
Dream Books and Gamblers: Black Women's Work in Chicago's Policy Game (U of Illinois Press, 2022). Smith, Preston H. Racial democracy and the Black metropolis: Housing policy in postwar Chicago (U of Minnesota Press, 2012). Smith, Preston H. "The Chicago School of Human Ecology and the Ideology of Black Civic Elites."
Racial segregation is the separation of people into racial or other ethnic groups in daily life. Segregation can involve the spatial separation of the races, and ...
Prior to World War II, most public schools in the country were de jure or de facto segregated. All Southern states had Jim Crow Laws mandating racial segregation of schools. . Northern states and some border states were primarily white (in 1940, the populations of Detroit and Chicago were more than 90% white) and existing black populations were concentrated in urban ghettos partly as the ...
Road trips for African Americans were inconvenient and in some cases dangerous because of racial segregation, racial profiling by police, the phenomenon of travelers just "disappearing" [further explanation needed] [citation needed], and the existence of numerous sundown towns. According to author Kate Kelly, "there were at least 10,000 ...