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A micrograph of the corner of the photosensor array of a webcam digital camera Image sensor (upper left) on the motherboard of a Nikon Coolpix L2 6 MP. The two main types of digital image sensors are the charge-coupled device (CCD) and the active-pixel sensor (CMOS sensor), fabricated in complementary MOS (CMOS) or N-type MOS (NMOS or Live MOS) technologies.
An active-pixel sensor (APS) is an image sensor, which was invented by Peter J.W. Noble in 1968, where each pixel sensor unit cell has a photodetector (typically a pinned photodiode) and one or more active transistors. [1] [2] In a metal–oxide–semiconductor (MOS) active-pixel sensor, MOS field-effect transistors (MOSFETs) are used as ...
The Foveon X3 sensor is a digital camera image sensor designed by Foveon, Inc., (now part of Sigma Corporation) and manufactured by Dongbu Electronics. [1] It uses an array of photosites that consist of three vertically stacked photodiodes .
In a CCD image sensor, pixels are represented by p-doped metal–oxide–semiconductor (MOS) capacitors.These MOS capacitors, the basic building blocks of a CCD, [1] are biased above the threshold for inversion when image acquisition begins, allowing the conversion of incoming photons into electron charges at the semiconductor-oxide interface; the CCD is then used to read out these charges.
CMOS technology is also used for analog circuits such as image sensors (CMOS sensors), data converters, RF circuits , and highly integrated transceivers for many types of communication. In 1948, Bardeen and Brattain patented an insulated-gate transistor (IGFET) with an inversion layer. Bardeen's concept forms the basis of CMOS technology today.
Pinned photodiodes, a photodetector structure with low lag, low noise, high quantum efficiency, and low dark current, widely used in most CCD and CMOS image sensors. [16] Quantum dot photoconductors or photodiodes, which can handle wavelengths in the visible and infrared spectral regions.
Exmor R is a back-illuminated version of Sony's CMOS image sensor. [5] Exmor R was announced by Sony on 11 June 2008 and was the world's first mass-produced implementation of the back-illuminated sensor technology. [6] [non-primary source needed] Sony claims that Exmor R is approximately twice as sensitive as a normal front illuminated sensor.
CMOS image sensor. MOS image sensors are the basis for digital cameras, digital imaging, [69] camera phones, action cameras, [70] and optical mouse devices. [71] MOS technology is the basis for modern image sensors, including the charge-coupled device (CCD) and the CMOS active-pixel sensor (CMOS sensor), used in digital imaging and digital ...