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Emergency free ascent (EFA) is like a controlled emergency swimming ascent without a regulator in the mouth. It is considered unacceptably hazardous for training purposes by some agencies. [6] [7] Emergency swimming ascent (ESA) is a free ascent where the diver swims to the surface at either negative or approximately neutral buoyancy.
An ascent in which the diver loses control of the ascent rate is an uncontrolled ascent. It is usually the consequence of excessive buoyancy. If the ascent rate is excessive the diver is at risk of decompression sickness and barotrauma of ascent , both of which can be fatal in extreme cases.
Ditching weights at depth to establish positive buoyancy will generally prevent a properly controlled ascent. The risk of drowning due to running out of breathing gas is exchanged for the risk of decompression sickness. Accidental loss of weights when there is no emergency will cause an emergency if there is a decompression obligation. [26]
Controlled emergency swimming ascent; D. Diver rescue; E. Emergency air sharing; Emergency ascent; Emergency breathing gas sharing; Emergency buoyant ascent;
In a controlled emergency swimming ascent (CESA), the ascent remains under control and is performed at a safe rate. In an emergency swimming ascent (ESA), the diver swims to the surface at either negative or approximately neutral buoyancy. Other forms of ascent which may be considered emergency ascents are:
Lost weights ascent with flare – Mitigation of an incident where the diver cannot neutralise positive buoyancy. Controlled buoyant emergency ascent – Fine control of buoyancy to ascend at an acceptably safe rate. Emergency swimming ascents – Emergency ascent where the diver actively swims upward at approximately neutral buoyancy.
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Uncontrolled ascent with possible decompression problems [47] Inflation valve jammed open. [47] Use of low flow rate inflator hose connections. [9] Training and competence at emergency procedures for inflation valve failure. [9] Loss of propulsion, maneuvering control and mobility Inability to swim against current.