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Simple renal cyst. A renal cyst is a fluid collection in or on the kidney. There are several types based on the Bosniak classification. The majority are benign, simple cysts that can be monitored and not intervened upon. However, some are cancerous or are suspicious for cancer and are commonly removed in a surgical procedure called nephrectomy.
The length of the adult kidney is normally 10–12 cm, and the right kidney is often slightly longer than the left kidney. The adult kidney size is variable due to the correlation with body height and age; however, normograms for pediatric kidney size are available. [1]
Renal hypoplasia is a congenital abnormality in which one or both of the kidneys are smaller than normal, [5] resulting in a reduced nephron number [1] but with normal morphology. [ 4 ] It is defined as abnormally small kidneys, where the size is less than two standard deviations below the expected mean for the corresponding demographics , and ...
A higher incidence is found in males and prevalence increases with age. Renal cysts have been reported in more than 50% of patients over the age of 50. [2] Typically, cysts grow up to 2.88 mm annually and may cause related pain and/or hemorrhage. [2]
The enlargement of the kidney can be related to the degree of cyst formation. The cysts which come from the Bowmans space can also cause the kidneys to appear asymmetrical or misshapen. Cysts can cause injury by destroying nearby renal tissue [10] Familial GCKD can have enlarged or normal size kidneys. [6]
Multicystic dysplastic kidney (MCDK) is a condition that results from the malformation of the kidney during fetal development. The kidney consists of irregular cysts of varying sizes. Multicystic dysplastic kidney is a common type of renal cystic disease, and it is a cause of an abdominal mass in infants. [5]
Cysts lined by a simple epithelium with a hobnail morphology, i.e. the nuclei of the cyst lining epithelium bulges into the lumen of the cysts, Ovarian-like stroma that has a: Spindle cell morphology, and has a; Basophilic cytoplasm. Cystic nephromas have an immunostaining pattern like ovarian stroma; they are positive for: Estrogen receptor (ER),
The size of the renal pelvis plays a major role in the grading of hydronephrosis. Normally, the anteroposterior diameter of the renal pelvis is less than 4 mm in fetuses up to 32 weeks of gestational age and 7 mm afterwards. [2] In adults, 13% of the normal population have a transverse pelvic diameter of over 10 mm. [3]