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London dispersion forces (LDF, also known as dispersion forces, London forces, instantaneous dipole–induced dipole forces, fluctuating induced dipole bonds [1] or loosely as van der Waals forces) are a type of intermolecular force acting between atoms and molecules that are normally electrically symmetric; that is, the electrons are ...
London dispersion forces are also known as 'dispersion forces', 'London forces', or 'instantaneous dipole–induced dipole forces'. The strength of London dispersion forces is proportional to the polarizability of the molecule, which in turn depends on the total number of electrons and the area over which they are spread.
The dispersion (London) force is the most important component because all materials are polarizable, whereas Keesom and Debye forces require permanent dipoles. The London interaction is universal and is present in atom-atom interactions as well.
Dispersion forces stabilizing a reactive moiety within a molecule is distinct from using steric bulk to protect that reactive moiety. Adding "steric hindrance" to a molecule's reactive site through bulky groups is a common strategy in molecular chemistry to stabilize reactive moieties within a molecule. [ 3 ]
The cohesive forces that bind the molecules together are van der Waals forces, dipole–dipole interactions, quadrupole interactions, π–π interactions, hydrogen bonding, halogen bonding, London dispersion forces, and in some molecular solids, coulombic interactions.
The source of adhesive forces, according to the dispersive adhesion mechanism, is the weak interactions that occur between molecules close together. [2] These interactions include London dispersion forces, Keesom forces, Debye forces and hydrogen bonds. Individually, these attractions are not very strong, but when summed over the bulk of a ...
Keesom forces are the forces between the permanent dipoles of two polar molecules. [23]: 701 London dispersion forces are the forces between induced dipoles of different molecules. [23]: 703 There can also be an interaction between a permanent dipole in one molecule and an induced dipole in another molecule. [23]: 702
Dispersion is a process by which (in the case of solid dispersing in a liquid) agglomerated particles are separated from each other, and a new interface between the inner surface of the liquid dispersion medium and the surface of the dispersed particles is generated. This process is facilitated by molecular diffusion and convection. [4]