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A blocking antibody is an antibody that does not have a reaction when combined with an antigen, but prevents other antibodies from combining with that antigen. [1] This function of blocking antibodies has had a variety of clinical and experimental uses. The term can also be used for inhibiting antibody, prozone phenomenon and, agglutination ...
Non-neutralizing antibodies can be important to flag the particle for immune cells, signaling that it has been targeted, after which the particle is processed and consequently destroyed by recruited immune cells. [9] Neutralizing antibodies on the other hand can neutralize the biological effects of the antigen without a need for immune cells.
Illustration of the effects of excess antigen and blocking antibodies on immunoassays. In an agglutination test, a person's serum (which contains antibodies) is added to a test tube, which contains a particular antigen. If the antibodies interact with the antigen to form immune complexes, called agglutination, then the test is interpreted as ...
The production of such cross-reactive, but non-neutralizing antibodies could enable severe secondary infections. By binding to but not neutralizing the virus, these antibodies cause it to behave as a "trojan horse", [43] [44] [45] where it is delivered into the wrong compartment of dendritic cells that have ingested the virus for destruction.
By providing information on mechanism of action, epitope mapping is a critical component in therapeutic monoclonal antibody (mAb) development. Epitope mapping can reveal how a mAb exerts its functional effects - for instance, by blocking the binding of a ligand or by trapping a protein in a non-functional state.
An immune complex, sometimes called an antigen-antibody complex or antigen-bound antibody, is a molecule formed from the binding of multiple antigens to antibodies. [1] The bound antigen and antibody act as a unitary object, effectively an antigen of its own with a specific epitope .
[4] [9] Adverse effects may be class-dependent, and so switching to a biologic of another class may ameliorate those effects. [ 7 ] Potential serious adverse effects include allergic reactions , liver damage, cancer, and serious infections including tuberculosis , pneumonia , staph infection , and fungal infection .
The relationship between gp120 and neutralizing antibodies is an example of Red Queen evolutionary dynamics. Continuing evolutionary adaptation is required for the viral envelope protein to maintain fitness relative to the continuing evolutionary adaptations of the host immune neutralizing antibodies, and vice versa, forming a coevolving system ...