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Quercus robur, the pedunculate oak or English oak, [3] [4] is a species of flowering plant in the beech and oak family, Fagaceae. It is a large tree, native to most of Europe and western Asia , and is widely cultivated in other temperate regions.
When the females fly to another tree they carry the fungal spores in their mycangia. The beetle penetrates through thin or cracked bark in the canopy branches. [1] It first invades and kill branches in the canopy of a tree, then spreads to the trunk, culminating in the death of the tree. [2] The females produce two or more generations annually.
The disease is characterised by the trees bleeding or oozing a dark fluid from small lesions or splits in their bark. [1] Unlike chronic oak decline, acute oak decline can lead to the death of trees within 4 to 5 years of symptoms appearing. The number of trees affected is thought to number in the low thousands, with a higher number of infected ...
In mature trees the disease is generally less damaging, but in combination with other factors such as defoliation by insects can contribute to tree decline. A study of the effects of E. alphitoides on Quercus robur found it decreased stomatal conductance by 15–30%, did not affect the leaf mass to area ratio, decreased the nitrogen content of ...
Taphrina caerulescens infects about 50 different species of oak (Quercus), predominately red oak (Q. erythrobalanus) and some white oak (Q. leurobalanus).Oak leaf blister is found across the country and in varying parts of the world but is most severe in the southeast and Gulf States of the U.S. [6] It is generally accepted that a T. caerulescens strain isolated from one host cannot be used to ...
Botryosphaeria corticola can be managed in high value trees, but there is no current management for forest trees. Carbendazim and thiophanate-methyl have shown to prevent infection in cork oak in Europe, where it is applied after cork has been harvested. Sanitation is the most common management technique for this disease. [13]
The foamy bark canker is a disease affecting oak trees in California caused by the fungus Geosmithia sp. #41 and spread by the Western oak bark beetle (Pseudopityophthorus pubipennis). This disease is only seen through the symbiosis of the bark beetles and the fungal pathogen .
Pyemotes herfsi, also known as the oak leaf gall mite or itch mite, is an ectoparasitic mite identified in Europe and subsequently found in India, Asia, and the United States. The mite parasitizes a variety of insect hosts and bites humans, causing red, itchy, and painful wheals (welts).