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A white box (or glass box, clear box, or open box) is a subsystem whose internals can be viewed but usually not altered. [1] The term is used in systems engineering , software engineering , and in intelligent user interface design, [ 2 ] [ 3 ] where it is closely related to recent interest in explainable artificial intelligence .
UMPC—Ultra-Mobile Personal Computer; UMTS—Universal Mobile Telecommunications System; UNC—Universal Naming Convention; UNIVAC—Universal Automatic Computer (By MKS) UPS—Uninterruptible Power Supply or Uninterrupted Power Supply; URI—Uniform Resource Identifier; URL—Uniform Resource Locator; URN—Uniform Resource Name; USB ...
The phenomenon of software architecture erosion was initially brought to light in 1992 by Perry and Wolf alongside their definition of software architecture. [2] Software architecture erosion may occur in each stage of the software development life cycle and has varying impacts on the development speed and the cost of maintenance.
A structure chart (SC) in software engineering and organizational theory is a chart which shows the smallest of a system to its lowest manageable levels. [2] They are used in structured programming to arrange program modules into a tree. Each module is represented by a box, which contains the module's name.
The open systems theory is the foundation of black box theory. Both have focus on input and output flows, representing exchanges with the surroundings. In systems theory, the black box is an abstraction representing a class of concrete open system which can be viewed solely in terms of its stimuli inputs and output reactions:
Example of a high-level systems architecture for a computer. A system architecture is the conceptual model that defines the structure, behavior, and views of a system. [1] An architecture description is a formal description and representation of a system, organized in a way that supports reasoning about the structures and behaviors of the system.
A computer which may be used to provide services to clients. software Any computer program or other kind of information that can be read and/or written by a computer. single in-line memory module (SIMM) A type of memory module containing random-access memory used in computers from the early 1980s to the late 1990s. Contrast DIMM. solid-state drive
In software development, frontend refers to the presentation layer that users interact with, while backend involves the data management and processing behind the scenes. In the client–server model, the client is usually considered the frontend, handling user-facing tasks, and the server is the backend, managing data and logic.