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  2. Small area estimation - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Small_area_estimation

    One of the more common small area models in use today is the 'nested area unit level regression model', first used in 1988 to model corn and soybean crop areas in Iowa. The initial survey data, in which farmers reported the area they had growing either corn or soybeans, was compared to estimates obtained from satellite mapping of the farms.

  3. Fay–Herriot model - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fay–Herriot_model

    The Fay–Herriot model is a statistical model which includes some distinct variation for each of several subgroups of observations. It is an area-level model, meaning some input data are associated with sub-aggregates such as regions, jurisdictions, or industries. The model produces estimates about the subgroups.

  4. Data model (GIS) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_model_(GIS)

    A hybrid topological data model has the option of storing topological relationship information as a separate layer built on top of a spaghetti data set. An example is the network dataset within the Esri geodatabase. [23] Vector data are commonly used to represent conceptual objects (e.g., trees, buildings, counties), but they can also represent ...

  5. Central place theory - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_place_theory

    Market area studies provide another technique for using central place theory as a retail location planning tool. ... this is a good example of a K=4 CPT model ...

  6. Sector model - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sector_model

    A basic version of the Sector model. The sector model, also known as the Hoyt model, is a model of urban land use proposed in 1939 by land economist Homer Hoyt. [1] It is a modification of the concentric zone model of city development. The benefits of the application of this model include the fact it allows for an outward progression of growth.

  7. Concentric zone model - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concentric_zone_model

    Based on human ecology theory done by Burgess and applied on Chicago, it was the first to give the explanation of distribution of social groups within urban areas.This concentric ring model depicts urban land usage in concentric rings: the Central Business District (or CBD) was in the middle of the model, and the city is expanded in rings with different land uses.

  8. Mathematical model - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathematical_model

    Mathematical models are also used in music, [3] linguistics, [4] and philosophy (for example, intensively in analytic philosophy). A model may help to explain a system and to study the effects of different components, and to make predictions about behavior.

  9. 3D city model - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3D_city_model

    The 3D model of Berlin allows viewers to look at the city as it is now, as it once was, and as the city might turn into in the future. A 3D city model is digital model of urban areas that represent terrain surfaces, sites, buildings, vegetation, infrastructure and landscape elements in three-dimensional scale as well as related objects (e.g., city furniture) belonging to urban areas.