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Carboxylates bind to single metals by one or both oxygen atoms, the respective notation being κ 1 - and κ 2-.In terms of electron counting, κ 1-carboxylates are "X"-type ligands, i.e., a pseudohalide-like. κ 2-carboxylates are "L-X ligands", i.e. resembling the combination of a Lewis base (L) and a pseudohalide (X).
Metal thiolate complexes are commonly prepared by reactions of metal complexes with thiols (RSH), thiolates (RS −), and disulfides (R 2 S 2). The salt metathesis reaction route is common. In this method, an alkali metal thiolate is treated with a transition metal halide to produce an alkali metal halide and the metal thiolate complex:
In organic chemistry, the Arndt–Eistert reaction is the conversion of a carboxylic acid to its homologue. It is named for the German chemists Fritz Arndt (1885–1969) and Bernd Eistert (1902–1978). The method entails treating an acid chlorides with diazomethane. It is a popular method of producing β-amino acids from α-amino acids. [1]
[3] [4] This has inspired the work of his student Paul Rothemund to develop a simple one pot synthesis of porphyrins. In 1935, Paul Rothemund reported the formation of porphyrin, from a simple reaction of pyrrole with gaseous acetaldehyde or formaldehyde in methanol followed by treatment with various concentrations of hydrochloric acid . [ 5 ]
Medicine: Organic synthesis plays a vital role in drug discovery, allowing chemists to develop and optimize new drugs by modifying organic molecules. [9] Additionally, the synthesis of metal complexes for medical imaging and cancer treatments is a key application of chemical synthesis, enabling advanced diagnostic and therapeutic techniques. [10]
The Koch reaction is an organic reaction for the synthesis of tertiary carboxylic acids from alcohols or alkenes and carbon monoxide.Some commonly industrially produced Koch acids include pivalic acid, 2,2-dimethylbutyric acid and 2,2-dimethylpentanoic acid. [1]
Metals react with acids to form salts and hydrogen gas. Liberation of hydrogen gas when zinc reacts with hydrochloric acid. + () + [2] [3] However less reactive metals can not displace the hydrogen from acids. [3] (They may react with oxidizing acids though.)
Examples from industry are the reduction of phthalic acid: and the reduction of 2-methoxynaphthalene: The Tafel rearrangement, named for Julius Tafel, was at one time an important method for the synthesis of certain hydrocarbons from alkylated ethyl acetoacetate, a reaction accompanied by the rearrangement reaction of the alkyl group: [15] [16]