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The horizontal axis shows frequency in Hertz. In acoustics, loudness is the subjective perception of sound pressure.More formally, it is defined as the "attribute of auditory sensation in terms of which sounds can be ordered on a scale extending from quiet to loud". [1]
In music, the dynamics of a piece are the variation in loudness between notes or phrases.Dynamics are indicated by specific musical notation, often in some detail.However, dynamics markings require interpretation by the performer depending on the musical context: a specific marking may correspond to a different volume between pieces or even sections of one piece.
One example was the hot master of Led Zeppelin II by mastering engineer Bob Ludwig which caused some cartridges to mistrack; the album was recalled and issued with lower compression levels. [6] Digital media such as CDs remove these restrictions and as a result, increasing loudness levels have been a more severe issue in the CD era. [7]
Sonority is loosely defined as the loudness of speech sounds relative to other sounds of the same pitch, length and stress, [1] therefore sonority is often related to rankings for phones to their amplitude. [2] For example, pronouncing the vowel [a] will produce a louder sound than the stop [t], so [a] would
Motion of the medium itself. If the medium is moving, this movement may increase or decrease the absolute speed of the sound wave depending on the direction of the movement. For example, sound moving through wind will have its speed of propagation increased by the speed of the wind if the sound and wind are moving in the same direction.
Examples of sound pressure in air at standard atmospheric pressure; Source of sound Distance Sound pressure level [a] (dB SPL) Shock wave (distorted sound waves > 1 atm; waveform valleys are clipped at zero pressure) [11] [12] >1.01×10 5 >191 Simple open-ended thermoacoustic device [14] [clarification needed] 1.26×10 4: 176 1883 eruption of ...
Equal-loudness contours. The phon is a logarithmic unit of loudness level for tones and complex sounds. Loudness is measured in sones, a linear unit.Human sensitivity to sound is variable across different frequencies; therefore, although two different tones may present an identical sound pressure to a human ear, they may be psychoacoustically perceived as differing in loudness.
ISO equal-loudness contours with frequency in Hz. An equal-loudness contour is a measure of sound pressure level, over the frequency spectrum, for which a listener perceives a constant loudness when presented with pure steady tones. [1] The unit of measurement for loudness levels is the phon and is arrived at by reference to equal-loudness ...