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Lifespring was an American for-profit human potential organization founded in 1974 by John Hanley Sr., Robert White, Randy Revell, and Charlene Afremow. [1] [2] [3] The organization encountered significant controversy in the 1970s and '80s, with various academic articles characterizing Lifespring's training methods as "deceptive and indirect techniques of persuasion and control", and ...
Erhard Seminars Training, Inc. (marketed as est, though often encountered as EST or Est) was an organization founded by Werner Erhard in 1971 that offered a two-weekend (6-day, 60-hour) course known officially as "The est Standard Training".
Werner Hans Erhard (born John Paul Rosenberg; September 5, 1935) [1]: 7 is an American lecturer known for founding est (offered from 1971 to 1984). [1]: 14 [2] In 1985, he replaced the est Training with a newly designed program, the Forum. [3]
Call of the Shofar (founded by Simcha Frischling) [citation needed]; Context International [2] [9] (previously Context Associated, founded by Randy Revell, who had worked with Mind Dynamics)
Werner Erhard and Associates, also known as WE&A or as WEA, was a commercial personal development program which operated from 1984 until early 1991. [2] [3] It replaced Erhard Seminars Training.
Their book mentions Erhard Seminars Training ("est") and similar undertakings, such as the Landmark Forum, Lifespring, Actualizations, MSIA/Insight and PSI Seminars. In Cults in our Midst, Singer differentiated between the usage of the terms cult and Large Group Awareness Training, [39] [40] [page needed] while pointing out some commonalities.
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A former salesman, training manager and executive in the encyclopedia business, [1] [2] Erhard created the Erhard Seminars Training (est) course in 1971. [3] est was a form of Large Group Awareness Training, [4] [5] and was part of the Human Potential Movement. [6] est was a four-day, 60-hour self-help program given to groups of 250 people at a ...