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  2. Validity (statistics) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Validity_(statistics)

    Validity is the main extent to which a concept, conclusion, or measurement is well-founded and likely corresponds accurately to the real world. [1] [2] The word "valid" is derived from the Latin validus, meaning strong.

  3. Vidya (philosophy) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vidya_(philosophy)

    Vidya (Sanskrit: विद्या, IAST: vidyā) figures prominently in all texts pertaining to Indian philosophy – meaning science, learning, knowledge, and scholarship. Most importantly, it refers to valid knowledge, which cannot be contradicted, and true knowledge, which is the intuitively-gained knowledge of the self.

  4. External validity - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/External_validity

    External validity is the validity of applying the conclusions of a scientific study outside the context of that study. [1] In other words, it is the extent to which the results of a study can generalize or transport to other situations, people, stimuli, and times.

  5. Hindi - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindi

    Hindi is quite easy to understand for many Pakistanis, who speak Urdu, which, like Hindi, is a standard register of the Hindustani language; additionally, Indian media are widely viewed in Pakistan. [ 93 ]

  6. Vyapti - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vyapti

    Jain philosophy recognizes inference ("anumana") as a valid means of knowledge. They consider induction (" tarka ") to be the knowledge of the invariable concomitance (vyapti) of the middle term with the major term in the three periods of time, arising from the observation of their co-presence and co-absence, and vyapti to be of two kinds ...

  7. Advaita Vedanta - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advaita_Vedanta

    From this, one meaning of Vedānta is "the end of the Vedas" or "the ultimate knowledge of the Vedas". Veda can also mean "knowledge" in general, so Vedānta can be taken to mean "the end, conclusion or finality of knowledge". Vedānta is one of six orthodox schools of Hindu philosophy.

  8. Tautology (logic) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tautology_(logic)

    In mathematical logic, a tautology (from Ancient Greek: ταυτολογία) is a formula that is true regardless of the interpretation of its component terms, with only the logical constants having a fixed meaning. For example, a formula that states, "the ball is green or the ball is not green," is always true, regardless of what a ball is ...

  9. Hundi - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hundi

    Sahyog means co-operation in Hindi and Gujrati, the predominant [6] languages of traders. The hundi is so named because it required the co-operation of multiple parties to ensure that the hundi has an acceptable risk and fairly good likelihood of being paid, in the absence of a formalized credit monitoring and reporting framework.