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Calcium oxalate stones in children are associated with high amounts of calcium, oxalate, and magnesium in acidic urine. [ 130 ] Treatment of kidney stones in children is similar to treatments for adults, including shock wave lithotripsy, medication, and treatment using scope through the bladder, kidney or skin. [ 131 ]
Alkaline citrates are used to prevent recurrent calcium stone formation. [13] [14] [15] [5] This is one of the major types of kidney stones. [16] [17] The citrate salts can increase urine citrate, which binds with urine calcium, reduces supersaturation of calcium salts, and inhibits crystal formation. [18] [8] This helps prevent kidney stones ...
Kidney stones are caused by high levels of the minerals calcium, oxalate, and phosphorus in urine. These minerals are normally found in urine and do not cause problems at low levels.
Some of the oxalate in urine is produced by the body. Calcium and oxalate in the diet play a part but are not the only factors that affect the formation of calcium oxalate stones. Dietary oxalate is an organic ion found in many vegetables, fruits, and nuts. Calcium from bone may also play a role in kidney stone formation.
In people who have had multiple episodes of calcium oxalate kidney stones, chlortalidone lowers the risk of having another episode of kidney stones. [30] Chlortalidone is more effective than hydrochlorothiazide for lowering urine calcium levels and is therefore probably more effective. [31]
The objective of treating IH is preventing nephrolithiasis or the formation of kidney stones. If blood calcium levels are normal, which can rule out hyperparathyroidism, treatment would begin with adopting a diet of ~800 mg of daily calcium, low salt intake, restricted animal protein intake, and increased net fluid intake. [8]
In approximately one third of patients with PH1, pyridoxine treatment decreases oxalate excretion and prevent kidney stone formation. [9] Conversely, a restriction in oxalate intake is of limited use as the main source of oxalate is endogenous in primary hyperoxaluria. [12]
In kidney stones, calcium oxalate is the most common mineral type (see nephrolithiasis). Uric acid is the second most common mineral type, but an in vitro study showed uric acid stones and crystals can promote the formation of calcium oxalate stones. [1]
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