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Historically, the roots of Buddhism lie in the religious thought of Iron Age India around the middle of the first millennium BCE. [5] This was a period of great intellectual ferment and socio-cultural change known as the Second Urbanisation, marked by the growth of towns and trade, the composition of the Upanishads and the historical emergence of the Śramaṇa traditions.
Buddhism and Hinduism mutually influenced each other and shared many concepts, however it is now difficult to identify and describe these influences. [54] Buddhism rejected the Vedic concepts of Brahman (ultimate reality) and Atman (soul, self) at the foundation of Hindu philosophies. [55] [56] [57] [58]
Hinduism has been called the "oldest religion" in the world and is traditionally called Sanātana Dharma, "the eternal law" or the "eternal way"; [14] [15] [16] beyond human origins. [16] Western scholars regard Hinduism as a fusion [ note 2 ] or synthesis [ 17 ] [ note 3 ] [ 17 ] of various Indian cultures and traditions, [ 18 ] [ 19 ] [ 20 ...
According to Sundararajan, Hinduism is also known as the Vedic religion. [50] Other authors state that the Vedas contain "the fundamental truths about Hindu Dharma" [note 8] which is called "the modern version of the ancient Vedic Dharma" [52] The Arya Samaj recognizes the Vedic religion as true Hinduism. [53] Nevertheless, according to Jamison ...
Much of the primary literature of Cārvāka, the Barhaspatya sutras (ca. 600 BCE), however, are missing or lost. [ 150 ] [ 151 ] Its theories and development has been compiled from historic secondary literature such as those found in the shastras , sutras and the Indian epic poetry as well as from the texts of Buddhism and from Jain literature .
[c] The word Hindu is an exonym, [note 2] and while Hinduism has been called the oldest religion in the world, [note 3] it has also been described by the modern term Sanātana Dharma (lit. ' eternal dharma ') emphasizing its eternal nature. [note 4] Another endonym for Hinduism is Vaidika Dharma (lit. ' Vedic dharma '). [web 1]
Hinduism mostly shares common terms with the other Indian religions, including Buddhism, Jainism and Sikhism. Islam shares common characteristics with Abrahamic religions–those religions claiming descent from the prophet Abraham–being, from oldest to youngest, Judaism, Christianity, Islam. The Qur'an is the primary Islamic scripture ...
The main schools of Buddhism are divided into Theravada, Mahayana and Vajrayana. [9] In academic circles, Mahayana is further divided into East Asian and Tibetan Buddhism. Buddhism teaches that life is duḥkha or suffering and the primary goal of Buddhism is the liberation of the practitioner from samsara or the endless cycle of death and rebirth.