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By the 10th century such crosses were in common use, but the earliest extant altar cross is a 12th-century one in the Great Lavra on Mount Athos. Mass in the Roman Rite requires the presence of a cross (more exactly, a crucifix) "on or close to" the altar. [12]
Skopje Aerodrom Cross North Macedonia: Skopje: 41.977664 21.464592: 56.5 m: 2014: Cruz Monumental de El Arenal Mexico: El Arenal: 20.221519 -98.912044: 55 m: 2014: Central cross at Cross Church Pinnacle Hills United States: Rogers, Arkansas: 36.314620 -94.188198: 53.34 m: ensemble of three crosses Basílica de la Virgen del Camino Cross Spain ...
The Koine Greek terms used in the New Testament of the structure on which Jesus died are stauros (σταυρός) and xylon (ξύλον).These words, which can refer to many different things, do not indicate the precise shape of the structure; scholars have long known that the Greek word stauros and the Latin word crux did not uniquely mean a cross, but could also be used to refer to one, and ...
The victims of crucifixion were stripped naked [29] [84] and put on public display [85] [86] while they were slowly tortured to death so that they would serve as a spectacle and an example. [82] [83] According to Roman law, if a slave killed his or her owner, all of the owner's slaves would be crucified as punishment. [87] Both men and women ...
In the early 19th century they were collected together and in 1816 were reassembled and erected under the direction of George Ormerod, the Cheshire historian. [4] The crosses now consist of two upright columns set in sockets on a base of three stepped stones. The northern cross is the taller and has a mutilated head.
A different, and far humbler, small cross of gold foil, with rubbings of coins of Justin II and holes for nails or thread, Italian, 6th century. The original portion of the cross, which is now mounted on a much later stand, is 15.75 inches high and 11.81 inches wide, excluding the spike at the bottom for fitting into its stand.
Flags with crosses are recorded from the later Middle Ages, e.g. in the early 14th century the insignia cruxata comunis of the city of Genoa, the red-on-white cross that would later become known as St George's Cross, and the white-on-red cross of the Reichssturmfahne used as the war flag of the Holy Roman Emperor possibly from the early 13th ...
Whether the two pieces of timber of the normal execution cross were permanently conjoined or were merely put together for the purpose of the execution is not stated. Atypical executions on cross-like structures also took place, "especially when the executioners decide[d] to engage in cruel creativity", as indicated by Seneca the Younger. [1] [2 ...