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The basis of European procurement regulation lies in the provisions of the European Union treaties which prohibit barriers to intra-Union trade, provide the freedom to provide services and the right to establishment (three of the "Four Freedoms"), prohibit discrimination on the basis of national origin and regulate public undertakings and public monopolies. [3]
The Common Procurement Vocabulary (CPV) has been developed by the European Union to facilitate the processing of invitation to tender published in the Official Journal of the European Union (OJEU) by means of a single classification system to describe the subject matter of public contracts.
The European Commission issued a Commission Implementing Regulation on 5 January 2016 "establishing the standard form for the European Single Procurement Document". [3] Annex 1 of the regulation provides instructions on the use of the ESPD, for example when it can be used, exclusions due to misrepresentation, and what information will be needed.
Sustainable procurement or green procurement is a process whereby organizations meet their needs for goods, services, works and utilities in a way that achieves value for money on a life-cycle basis while addressing equity principles for sustainable development, therefore benefiting societies and the environment across time and geographies. [39]
In Germany, e-procurement solutions must be used for many public procurement procedures. [7] The data generated by these solutions is rarely analyzed because of the "complexity of the technological environment, the need to improve visibility of procurement information and enhance systematic data collection". [ 8 ]
The first public procurement law in Croatia based on the EU Procurement Directives was enacted in 2001, but a revised legal structure for public procurement was put in place with the Public Procurement Act of 2012, [103] and this was superseded by the Public Procurement Act of 2016, effective 1 January 2017. [104]
Their main goal of both the PECL and the Unidroit Principles was the compilation of uniform legal principles for reference, and, if necessary, the development of national legal systems. In the compilation of the PECL, the law of the EU member states, and thus common and civil law, as well as non-European law were taken into consideration.
The Italian Peppol Authority is managed by AgID, the agency for digital transformation of the Italian public sector, and was established through initiatives directed by Roberto Reale [17] and Carmen Ciciriello. Sweden: Accepting Peppol is mandatory in the public sector. [18] [19] Germany: Public bodies are required to accept Peppol e-invoices. [20]