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In An Introduction to Cybernetics, Ashby used set cardinality, or variety, as a measure of information. With this he formulated his Law of Requisite Variety. Mathematically, the law is a statement about how "in a two-person game the variety possible is determined by the number of possible choices open to the two players". [14]
Ian L. McHarg (20 November 1920 – 5 March 2001) was a Scottish landscape architect and writer on regional planning using natural systems. McHarg was one of the most influential persons in the environmental movement who brought environmental concerns into broad public awareness and ecological planning methods into the mainstream of landscape architecture, city planning and public policy. [1]
The original title is Schriften zur Form und Gestaltungslehre ('Writings on form and design theory'), and the two volumes are titled Band I: Das bildnerische Denken ('Volume I: the creative thinking') and Band 2: Unendliche Naturgeschichte ('Volume 2: Infinite Natural History'); they were edited by Jürg Spiller and first published in Switzerland and Germany by publishing house Benno Schwab ...
Although L. Bruce Archer's "Systematic Method for Designers" (1963–64) [56] was concerned primarily with a systematic process of designing, it also expressed a need to broaden the scope of conventional design: "Ways have had to be found to incorporate knowledge of ergonomics, cybernetics, marketing and management science into design thinking ...
The concept of unity in variety was further developed in the early 1700s by Francis Hutcheson, who declared that excitement is generated by "Uniformity amidst Variety", which generates a "disinterested" pleasure (i.e., the one with no regard for practical issues, like existence of the considered object or the wants of the body, like thirst).
The law of requisite variety is that a deterministic strategy for can at best limit the variety in outcomes to , and only adding variety in 's moves can reduce the variety of outcomes: "only variety can destroy variety". [1]: 207 For example, in the table above, has a strategy (shown in bold) to reduce the variety in outcomes to ...
It can be defined as "the variety and variability of animals, plants and micro-organisms at the genetic, species and ecosystem levels that sustain the ecosystem structures, functions and processes in and around production systems, and that provide food and non-food agricultural products.” [1] It is managed by farmers, pastoralists, fishers ...
[citation needed] Examples of companies that produce study guides include Coles Notes, SparkNotes, CliffsNotes, Schaum's Outlines, Permacharts, and Study Notes. Some high school teachers or college professors may compose study guides for their students to assist them with reading comprehension, content knowledge, or preparation for an examination.