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The genome and proteins of HIV (human immunodeficiency virus) have been the subject of extensive research since the discovery of the virus in 1983. [1] [2] "In the search for the causative agent, it was initially believed that the virus was a form of the Human T-cell leukemia virus (HTLV), which was known at the time to affect the human immune system and cause certain leukemias.
A diagram of the HIV spike protein (green), with the fusion peptide epitope highlighted in red, and a broadly neutralizing antibody (yellow) binding to the fusion peptide. As the sole viral protein on the surface of the virus, the envelope protein is a major target for HIV vaccine efforts. [27]
The HIV capsid consists of roughly 2000 copies of the p24 protein. The p24 structure is shown in two representations: cartoon (top) and isosurface (bottom) The p24 capsid protein is the most abundant HIV protein with each virus containing approximately 1,500 to 3,000 p24 molecules. [1]
Diagram of an HIV virion structure Scanning electron micrograph of HIV-1, colored green, budding from a cultured lymphocyte. HIV is the cause of the spectrum of disease known as HIV/AIDS. HIV is a retrovirus that primarily infects components of the human immune system such as CD4 + T cells, macrophages and dendritic cells.
Lentivirus is a genus of retroviruses that cause chronic and deadly diseases characterized by long incubation periods, in humans and other mammalian species. [2] The genus includes the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), which causes AIDS.
Diagram of HIV virion The env gene codes for the gp160 protein which forms a homotrimer, and is cleaved into gp120 and gp41 by the host cell protease , furin . To form an active fusion protein, SU gp120 and TM gp41 polypeptides remain non-covalently bound together, but this interaction is often not stable, leading to shed, soluble gp120 and ...
Viruses Depicted in HIV-SIV Phylogenetic Tree; Human HIV-1 M (Main) group, including reference strains from subtypes A-J. Group M is responsible for the pandemic. HIV-1 O (Outlier) group, most commonly found in West Africa HIV-1 N (Not-M, Not-O) group, found in a very small number of individuals in West Africa
The crystal Structure of the HIV-1 Vif BC-box in Complex with Human Elongin B and Elongin C was solved in 2008, [1] and the structure of the full Vif 1 /E3 complex was solved in 2014. [ 4 ] In the absence of Vif, APOBEC3G causes hypermutation of the viral genome , rendering it dead-on-arrival at the next host cell.