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Traditionally, the Bedouin society was nomadic, pastoral, and agricultural based.Within this system, labor was divided along gender lines. Women were traditionally in charge of the agricultural activities, which included herding, grazing, fetching water, and raising crops, while men were in charge of guarding their land and receiving visitors. [2]
The Negev Bedouin (Arabic: بدْو النقب, Badwu an-Naqab; Hebrew: הבדואים בנגב , HaBedu'im BaNegev) are traditionally pastoral nomadic Arab tribes (), while some are of Sub-Saharan African descent [7], who until the later part of the 19th century would wander between Hijaz in the east and the Sinai Peninsula in the west. [8]
Bedouin encampment in the Negev Desert Bedouin soldiers in the Israel Defense Forces. Prior to the 1948 Israeli Declaration of Independence, an estimated 65,000–90,000 Bedouins lived in the Negev desert. According to Encyclopedia Judaica, 15,000 Bedouin remained in the Negev after 1948; other sources put the number as low as 11,000. [75]
But in the aftermath of the 1948 Arab-Israeli War, most of the Bedouins living in the southern Negev fled the area or were forced out, relocating to Jordan, Syria, the West Bank and Gaza.
Women are discriminated in the patriarchal-type Bedouin society. [55] Approximately half the 170,000 Negev Bedouin live in 39 unrecognised villages without connection to the national electricity, water and telephone grids. The bedouin consist of 25% of the population of the Northern Negev and have jurisdiction over less than 2% of the land.
Along the desert routes, ḥimaya was institutionalized: The Mamluks ensured safe passage for caravans by constructing inns ("khans") [109] – including in the northern Negev [110] – and entrusting the dominant Bedouin tribes with the task of managing these khans and the right to provide caravan ḥimaya.
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As of 2010, the Negev was home to some 630,000 people, or 8.2% of Israel's population, even though it comprises over 55% of the country's area. 470,000 Negev residents (75% of the population) are Jews, while 160,000 or 25% are Bedouin. [48]