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Cardiovascular fitness is a component of physical fitness, which refers to a person's ability to deliver oxygen to the working muscles, including the heart.Cardiovascular fitness is improved by sustained physical activity (see also Endurance Training) and is affected by many physiological parameters, including cardiac output (determined by heart rate multiplied by stroke volume), vascular ...
Heart rate recovery (HRR) is the reduction in heart rate at peak exercise and the rate as measured after a cool-down period of fixed duration. [56] A greater reduction in heart rate after exercise during the reference period is associated with a higher level of cardiac fitness. [57]
Rehydrating after practice. Cooling down (also known as limbering down or warming down) is the transition from intense physical activity to a more typical activity level. . Depending on the intensity of the exercise, cooling down after a workout method, such as intense weightlifting, can involve a slow jog o
Aerobic exercise, also known as cardio, is physical exercise [1] of low to high intensity that depends primarily on the aerobic energy-generating process. [2] " Aerobic" is defined as "relating to, involving, or requiring oxygen", [ 3 ] and refers to the use of oxygen to meet energy demands during exercise via aerobic metabolism adequately. [ 4 ]
Cardiopulmonary exercise testing (CPET) with spirometry is the gold standard for determining VO 2 max. It requires the individual to perform exercise with analysis of gas exchange usually until maximal exertion is achieved. The use of electrocardiography is often used to examine heart response to exercise and exertion. [16]
There are two types of active transport: primary active transport that uses adenosine triphosphate (ATP), and secondary active transport that uses an electrochemical gradient. This process is in contrast to passive transport , which allows molecules or ions to move down their concentration gradient, from an area of high concentration to an area ...
Facilitated Diffusion is a passive process that relies on carrier proteins to transport glucose down a concentration gradient. [ 2 ] Secondary Active Transport is transport of a solute in the direction of increasing electrochemical potential via the facilitated diffusion of a second solute (usually an ion, in this case Na + ) in the direction ...
AeT is the exercise intensity at which anaerobic energy pathways start to operate, considered to be around 65-85% of an individual's maximum heart rate. [2] Some have suggested this is where blood lactate reaches a concentration of 2 mmol /litre (at rest it is around 1). [ 3 ]