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The study of arguments using categorical statements (i.e., syllogisms) forms an important branch of deductive reasoning that began with the Ancient Greeks. The Ancient Greeks such as Aristotle identified four primary distinct types of categorical proposition and gave them standard forms (now often called A, E, I, and O).
Square of opposition. The lower case letters (a, e, i, o) are used instead of the upper case letters (A, E, I, O) here in order to be visually distinguished from the surrounding upper case letters S (Subject term) and P (Predicate term). In the Venn diagrams, black areas are empty and red areas are nonempty. White areas may or may not be empty.
In the Venn diagrams, the black areas indicate no elements, and the red areas indicate at least one element. In the predicate logic expressions, a horizontal bar over an expression means to negate ("logical not") the result of that expression. It is also possible to use graphs (consisting of vertices and edges) to evaluate syllogisms. [15]
In syllogistic logic, there are 256 possible ways to construct categorical syllogisms using the A, E, I, and O statement forms in the square of opposition. Of the 256, only 24 are valid forms. Of the 24 valid forms, 15 are unconditionally valid, and 9 are conditionally valid.
One of the 24 syllogisms listed below. The deduction is represented by a 3 circle Venn diagram. Premises and the logical consequence are represented by 2 circle Venn diagrams. The left circle stands for S, the top circle for M, and the right circle for P. Areas marked in black are empty - there are no elements in these areas.
Composite of two pages from Venn (1881a), pp. 115–116 showing his example of how to convert a syllogism of three parts into his type of diagram; Venn calls the circles "Eulerian circles" [10] But nevertheless, he contended, "the inapplicability of this scheme for the purposes of a really general logic" [ 9 ] (p 100) and then noted that,
A Venn diagram is a widely used diagram style that shows the logical relation between sets, popularized by John Venn (1834–1923) in the 1880s. The diagrams are used to teach elementary set theory, and to illustrate simple set relationships in probability, logic, statistics, linguistics and computer science.
One of the 24 syllogisms listed below. The deduction is represented by a 3 circle Venn diagram. Premises and the logical consequence are represented by 2 circle Venn diagrams. The left circle stands for S, the top circle for M, and the right circle for P. Areas marked in black are empty - there are no elements in these areas.
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