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Hydrogen technologies are applicable for many uses. Some hydrogen technologies are carbon neutral and could have a role in preventing climate change and a possible future hydrogen economy . Hydrogen is a chemical widely used in various applications including ammonia production, oil refining and energy. [ 1 ]
Shielding gas: Hydrogen is used as a shielding gas in welding methods such as atomic hydrogen welding. [164] [165] Cryogenic research: Liquid H 2 is used in cryogenic research, including superconductivity studies. [166] Buoyant lifting: Because H 2 is only 7% the density of air, it was once widely used as a lifting gas in balloons and airships ...
1625 – First description of hydrogen by Johann Baptista van Helmont. First to use the word "gas". 1650 – Turquet de Mayerne obtains a gas or "inflammable air" by the action of dilute sulphuric acid on iron. 1662 – Boyle's law (gas law relating pressure and volume). 1670 – Robert Boyle produces hydrogen by reacting metals with acid.
The concept of a society that uses hydrogen as the primary means of energy storage was theorized by geneticist J. B. S. Haldane in 1923. Anticipating the exhaustion of Britain's coal reserves for power generation, Haldane proposed a network of wind turbines to produce hydrogen and oxygen for long-term energy storage through electrolysis, to help address renewable power's variable output. [15]
Hydrogen is industrially produced from steam reforming (SMR), which uses natural gas. [32] The energy content of the produced hydrogen is around 74% of the energy content of the original fuel, [33] as some energy is lost as excess heat during production. In general, steam reforming emits carbon dioxide, a greenhouse gas, and is known as gray ...
For thousands of years they have been exploited and used for a vast range of purposes. [12] Petroleum (lit. ' rock oil ') and coal are generally thought to be products of decomposition of organic matter. Coal, in contrast to petroleum, is richer in carbon and poorer in hydrogen. Natural gas is the product of methanogenesis. [13] [14]
Hydrogen is added directly from a cylinder or built in laboratory hydrogen source, and the pressurized slurry is mechanically rocked to provide agitation, or a spinning basket is used. [37] Recent advances in electrolysis technology have led to the development of high pressure hydrogen generators , which generate hydrogen up to 1,400 psi (100 ...
Microbial hydrogen production. Biohydrogen is H 2 that is produced biologically. [1] Interest is high in this technology because H 2 is a clean fuel and can be readily produced from certain kinds of biomass, [2] including biological waste. [3]