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Therefore, the total number of reads generated in a single experiment is typically normalized by converting counts to fragments, reads, or counts per million mapped reads (FPM, RPM, or CPM). The difference between RPM and FPM was historically derived during the evolution from single-end sequencing of fragments to paired-end sequencing.
Kinetic energy produced as an extra small apple (~100 grams [70]) falls 1 meter against Earth's gravity [71] 1 J: Energy required to heat 1 gram of dry, cool air by 1 degree Celsius [72] 1.4 J: ≈ 1 ft·lbf (foot-pound force) [59] 4.184 J: ≡ 1 thermochemical calorie (small calorie) [59] 4.1868 J: ≡ 1 International (Steam) Table calorie [73 ...
The erg is a unit of energy equal to 10 −7 joules (100 nJ). It is not an SI unit, instead originating from the centimetre–gram–second system of units (CGS). Its name is derived from ergon (ἔργον), a Greek word meaning 'work' or 'task'. [1] An erg is the amount of work done by a force of one dyne exerted for a distance of one centimetre.
Sequencing technologies vary in the length of reads produced. Reads of length 20-40 base pairs (bp) are referred to as ultra-short. [2] Typical sequencers produce read lengths in the range of 100-500 bp. [3] However, Pacific Biosciences platforms produce read lengths of approximately 1500 bp. [4] Read length is a factor which can affect the results of biological studies. [5]
A water molecule weighs a little less than two free hydrogen atoms and an oxygen atom. The minuscule mass difference is the energy needed to split the molecule into three individual atoms (divided by c 2), which was given off as heat when the molecule formed (this heat had mass). Similarly, a stick of dynamite in theory weighs a little bit more ...
The SI unit of specific heat capacity is joule per kelvin per kilogram, J⋅kg −1 ⋅K −1. [2] For example, the heat required to raise the temperature of 1 kg of water by 1 K is 4184 joules , so the specific heat capacity of water is 4184 J⋅kg −1 ⋅K −1 .
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The SI unit for heat capacity of an object is joule per kelvin (J/K or J⋅K −1). Since an increment of temperature of one degree Celsius is the same as an increment of one kelvin, that is the same unit as J/°C. The heat capacity of an object is an amount of energy divided by a temperature change, which has the dimension L 2 ⋅M⋅T −2 ...