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Spearman's two-factor theory proposes that intelligence has two components: general intelligence ("g") and specific ability ("s"). [7] To explain the differences in performance on different tasks, Spearman hypothesized that the "s" component was specific to a certain aspect of intelligence.
Spearman's hypothesis is a conjecture that has played a historical role in debates surrounding race and intelligence. Its original formulation was that the magnitudes of black-white differences on tests of cognitive ability positively correlate with the tests' g-loading . [ 1 ]
Despite Spearman arguing that g was what emerged from a large battery of tests, i.e., that it was not measured perfectly by any single test, the fact that g-theory suggested that much of ability could be captured in a single factor, and his suggestion that "the eduction of relations and correlates" underlay this general factor led to the quest ...
Illustration of Spearman's two-factor intelligence theory. I, Schaefer, made this image in Photoshop, based on a similar illustration appearing on page 214 of Arthur Jensen's Bias in Mental Testing. The small ovals represent tests of cognitive ability, while the red circle represents psychometric g.
The three-stratum theory is derived primarily from Spearman's (1927) [3] model of general intelligence and Horn & Cattell's (1966) [4] theory of fluid and crystallized intelligence. Carroll's model was also heavily influenced by the 1976 edition of the ETS standard kit. [5] His factor analyses were largely consistent with the Horn-Cattell model ...
Spearman found that a single common factor explained the positive correlations among tests. Spearman named it g for "general intelligence factor". He interpreted it as the core of human intelligence that, to a larger or smaller degree, influences success in all cognitive tasks and thereby creates the positive manifold.
Vernon extended intelligence theory by adding the importance of the test which he called Intelligence C. [2] Vernon's view of intelligence was a geographic metaphor meaning he viewed intelligence as a map of the mind. The basic unit of analysis in this metaphor is that there are factors that are the sources of individual differences in ...
If, on the other hand, management wishes to reduce dissatisfaction, then it must focus on the workplace environment — policies, procedures, supervision, and working conditions. [1] If management is equally concerned with both, then managers must give attention to both sets of job factors. Two-factor theory distinguishes between: