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  2. Notation in probability and statistics - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Notation_in_probability...

    Greek letters (e.g. θ, β) are commonly used to denote unknown parameters (population parameters). [3]A tilde (~) denotes "has the probability distribution of". Placing a hat, or caret (also known as a circumflex), over a true parameter denotes an estimator of it, e.g., ^ is an estimator for .

  3. Hat notation - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hat_notation

    In statistics, a circumflex (ˆ), called a "hat", is used to denote an estimator or an estimated value. [1] For example, in the context of errors and residuals, the "hat" over the letter ^ indicates an observable estimate (the residuals) of an unobservable quantity called (the statistical errors).

  4. Template:List of statistics symbols - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:List_of...

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  5. List of probability distributions - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_probability...

    It is ubiquitous in nature and statistics due to the central limit theorem: every variable that can be modelled as a sum of many small independent, identically distributed variables with finite mean and variance is approximately normal. The normal-exponential-gamma distribution; The normal-inverse Gaussian distribution

  6. Projection matrix - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Projection_matrix

    However, this is not always the case; in locally weighted scatterplot smoothing (LOESS), for example, the hat matrix is in general neither symmetric nor idempotent. For linear models , the trace of the projection matrix is equal to the rank of X {\displaystyle \mathbf {X} } , which is the number of independent parameters of the linear model. [ 8 ]

  7. Population proportion - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Population_Proportion

    In statistics a population proportion, generally denoted by or the Greek letter, [1] is a parameter that describes a percentage value associated with a population.A census can be conducted to determine the actual value of a population parameter, but often a census is not practical due to its costs and time consumption.

  8. Likelihood function - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Likelihood_function

    In frequentist statistics, the likelihood function is itself a statistic that summarizes a single sample from a population, whose calculated value depends on a choice of several parameters θ 1... θ p, where p is the count of parameters in some already-selected statistical model. The value of the likelihood serves as a figure of merit for the ...

  9. p-value - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P-value

    In null-hypothesis significance testing, the p-value [note 1] is the probability of obtaining test results at least as extreme as the result actually observed, under the assumption that the null hypothesis is correct. [2] [3] A very small p-value means that such an extreme observed outcome would be very unlikely under the null hypothesis.