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The Müller AO Classification of fractures is a system for classifying bone fractures initially published in 1987 [1] by the AO Foundation as a method of categorizing injuries according to therognosis of the patient's anatomical and functional outcome. "AO" is an initialism for the German "Arbeitsgemeinschaft für Osteosynthesefragen", the ...
Knee-ankle-foot orthosis for the treatment of patients e.g. with paraplegia after spinal cord injury, poliomyelitis or multiple sclerosis. Designation of the orthosis according to the body parts included in the orthosis fitting: knee, ankle and foot, English abbreviation: KAFO for knee-ankle-foot orthoses.
A bone fracture (abbreviated FRX or Fx, F x, or #) is a medical condition in which there is a partial or complete break in the continuity of any bone in the body. In more severe cases, the bone may be broken into several fragments, known as a comminuted fracture. [1]
The fracture pattern of the condyles is variable and all types of fractures can occur. This is a high energy injury with a complex mechanism that includes varus and valgus forces. Up to 33% of these fractures may be open, often with extensive soft tissue injuries and risk of compartment syndrome. Represents 20% of all tibial plateau fractures.
However, Type III fractures occur in 60% of all the open fracture cases. Infection of the Type III fractures is observed in 10% to 50% of the time. Therefore, in 1984, Gustilo subclassified Type III fractures into A, B, and C with the aim of guiding the treatment of open fractures, communication and research, and to predict outcomes.
This classification system was developed by Harald Tscherne and Hans-Jörg Oestern in 1982 at the Hannover Medical School (Hanover, Germany) to classify both open and closed fractures. This classification system is based on the physiological concept that the higher the kinetic energy imparted on the bone, the higher the kinetic energy imparted ...
Types include transverse, the most common, with one fracture line; [5] marginal; osteochondral; and the rare vertical type, or stellate, where a direct compression force gives rise to a comminuted pattern. [5] [7] Patella fractures can be further classified as displaced, where the broken ends of bone do not line up correctly and separate by ...
Conservative treatment of isolated medial knee injuries (grades I-III) begins with controlling swelling and protecting the knee. Swelling is managed well with rest, ice, elevation, and compression wraps. [22] Protection can be performed using a hinged brace that stabilizes against varus and valgus stress but