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Chromium supplementation in general is subject to a certain amount of controversy as it is by no means clear that chromium is an essential element in human biology. [25] Nevertheless, chromium is an ingredient in total parenteral nutrition, along with other trace minerals. [26] It is also in nutritional products for preterm infants. [27]
Trivalent chromium, or chromium(III), is an essential trace mineral in the human diet. [3] In some nutritional supplements, chromium(III) occurs as chromium(III) picolinate (in which chromium is bound to picolinic acid) or chromium(III) nicotinate (in which chromium is bound to nicotinic acid). Nicotinic acid is also known as the B vitamin niacin.
Although the safety of daily chromium doses of up to 1,000 μg has been shown, there are some reports of serious adverse effects by using chromium picolinate, including kidney failure from a six-week course of 600 μg per day and liver disease after using 1,200 to 2,400 μg per day over four to five months. [2]
Chromium deficiency: Severely impaired glucose tolerance, weight loss, peripheral neuropathy and confusion. [3] [4] The authorities in the European Union do not recognize chromium as an essential nutrient, [5] those in the United States do, and identify an adequate intake for adults as between 25 and 45 μg/day, depending on age and sex. [4]
Hypervitaminosis is a condition of abnormally high storage levels of vitamins, which can lead to various symptoms as over excitement, irritability, or even toxicity. Specific medical names of the different conditions are derived from the given vitamin involved: an excess of vitamin A , for example, is called hypervitaminosis A .
The toxic effects of arsenic, mercury and lead were known to the ancients but methodical studies of the overall toxicity of heavy metals appear to date from only 1868. In that year, Wanklyn and Chapman speculated on the adverse effects of the heavy metals "arsenic, lead, copper, zinc, iron and manganese" in drinking water. They noted an ...
As of 27 May 2016, the percentage of daily value was revised to 35 μg to bring the chromium intake into a consensus with the official Recommended Dietary Allowance. [ 111 ] [ 112 ] A table of the old and new adult daily values in the United States is provided at Reference Daily Intake .
The Tolerable Upper Intake Level is 400 micrograms per day. Additional Se intake can lead to selenosis. [17] Signs and symptoms of selenosis include a garlic odor on the breath, gastrointestinal disorders, hair loss, sloughing of nails, fatigue, irritability, and neurological damage.
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