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  2. Vigenère cipher - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vigenère_cipher

    Despite the Vigenère cipher's apparent strength, it never became widely used throughout Europe. The Gronsfeld cipher is a variant attributed by Gaspar Schott to Count Gronsfeld (Josse Maximilaan van Gronsveld né van Bronckhorst) but was actually used much earlier by an ambassador of Duke of Mantua in 1560s-1570s. It is identical to the ...

  3. List of cryptographers - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_cryptographers

    A German mathematician and cryptanalyst who tested a number of German cipher machines and found them to be breakable. Wilhelm Fenner German, Chief Cryptologist and Director of Cipher Department of the High Command of the Wehrmacht. Walther Fricke German, Worked alongside Dr Erich Hüttenhain at Cipher Department of the High Command of the ...

  4. Kasiski examination - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kasiski_examination

    Kasiski actually used "superimposition" to solve the Vigenère cipher. He started by finding the key length, as above. Then he took multiple copies of the message and laid them one-above-another, each one shifted left by the length of the key. Kasiski then observed that each column was made up of letters encrypted with a single alphabet. His ...

  5. Timeline of cryptography - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_cryptography

    1854 – Charles Wheatstone invents Playfair cipher; c. 1854 – Babbage's method for breaking polyalphabetic ciphers (pub 1863 by Kasiski) 1855 – For the English side in Crimean War, Charles Babbage broke Vigenère's autokey cipher (the 'unbreakable cipher' of the time) as well as the much weaker cipher that is called Vigenère cipher today ...

  6. American Cryptogram Association - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Cryptogram...

    The American Cryptogram Association (ACA) is an American non-profit organization devoted to the hobby of cryptography, with an emphasis on types of codes, ciphers, and cryptograms that can be solved either with pencil and paper, or with computers, but not computer-only systems.

  7. Giovan Battista Bellaso - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giovan_Battista_Bellaso

    This cipher is a letter-by-letter polysubstitution using a long literal key string. It is very similar to the Vigenère cipher , making many scholars call Bellaso its inventor, although unlike the modern Vigenère cipher Bellaso didn't use 26 different "shifts" (different Caesar's ciphers) for every letter, instead opting for 13 shifts for ...

  8. LA Times owner plans to add AI-powered ‘bias meter ... - AOL

    www.aol.com/finance/la-times-owner-plans-add...

    Los Angeles Times owner Patrick Soon-Shiong, who blocked the newspaper’s endorsement of Kamala Harris and plans to overhaul its editorial board, says he will implement an artificial intelligence ...

  9. Polyalphabetic cipher - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polyalphabetic_cipher

    A polyalphabetic cipher is a substitution, using multiple substitution alphabets. The Vigenère cipher is probably the best-known example of a polyalphabetic cipher, though it is a simplified special case. The Enigma machine is more complex but is still fundamentally a polyalphabetic substitution cipher.