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  2. Coulomb's law - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coulomb's_law

    Here, k e is a constant, q 1 and q 2 are the quantities of each charge, and the scalar r is the distance between the charges. The force is along the straight line joining the two charges. If the charges have the same sign, the electrostatic force between them makes them repel; if they have different signs, the force between them makes them attract.

  3. Motor constants - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motor_constants

    The terms , [2] are also used, [4] as are the terms back EMF constant, [5] [6] or the generic electrical constant. [2] In contrast to K v {\displaystyle K_{\text{v}}} the value K e {\displaystyle K_{\text{e}}} is often expressed in SI units volt–seconds per radian (V⋅s/rad), thus it is an inverse measure of K v {\displaystyle K_{v}} . [ 7 ]

  4. List of physical constants - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_physical_constants

    These include the Boltzmann constant, which gives the correspondence of the dimension temperature to the dimension of energy per degree of freedom, and the Avogadro constant, which gives the correspondence of the dimension of amount of substance with the dimension of count of entities (the latter formally regarded in the SI as being dimensionless).

  5. List of electromagnetism equations - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_electromagnetism...

    Continuous charge distribution. The volume charge density ρ is the amount of charge per unit volume (cube), surface charge density σ is amount per unit surface area (circle) with outward unit normal n̂, d is the dipole moment between two point charges, the volume density of these is the polarization density P.

  6. Electric potential energy - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_potential_energy

    The electrostatic force F acting on a charge q can be written in terms of the electric field E as =, By definition, the change in electrostatic potential energy, U E , of a point charge q that has moved from the reference position r ref to position r in the presence of an electric field E is the negative of the work done by the electrostatic ...

  7. Electric field - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_field

    Similarly, the interaction in the electric field between atoms is the force responsible for chemical bonding that result in molecules. The electric field is defined as a vector field that associates to each point in space the force per unit of charge exerted on an infinitesimal test charge at rest at that point.

  8. Hooke's law - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hooke's_law

    In physics, Hooke's law is an empirical law which states that the force (F) needed to extend or compress a spring by some distance (x) scales linearly with respect to that distance—that is, F s = kx, where k is a constant factor characteristic of the spring (i.e., its stiffness), and x is small compared to the total possible deformation of the spring.

  9. kT (energy) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KT_(energy)

    kT (also written as k B T) is the product of the Boltzmann constant, k (or k B), and the temperature, T.This product is used in physics as a scale factor for energy values in molecular-scale systems (sometimes it is used as a unit of energy), as the rates and frequencies of many processes and phenomena depend not on their energy alone, but on the ratio of that energy and kT, that is, on ⁠ E ...