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Allport's Scale of Prejudice goes from 1 to 5. Antilocution : Antilocution occurs when an in-group freely purports negative images of an out-group. [ 2 ] Hate speech is the extreme form of this stage. [ 3 ]
American psychologist Gordon Allport coined this term in his 1954 book, The Nature of Prejudice. [2] Antilocution is the first point on Allport's Scale, which can be used to measure the degree of bias or prejudice in a society. Allport's stages of prejudice are antilocution, avoidance, discrimination, physical attack, and extermination.
Devine's 1989 study, Stereotypes and prejudice: Their automatic and controlled components, [5] received the prestigious Scientific Impact Award from the Society of Experimental Social Psychology, recognizing her paper's lasting impact that fundamentally altered the landscape of prejudice and stereotyping research. [6]
The book was called a classic a decade after its initial publication, in 1965. [3] Irwin Katz, writing in Political Psychology in 1991 on the topic of "classics in political psychology", called the book a landmark and "one of the most influential and often-cited publications in the entire field of intergroup relations". [4]
The word "prejudice" can also refer to unfounded or pigeonholed beliefs [3] [4] and it may apply to "any unreasonable attitude that is unusually resistant to rational influence". [5] Gordon Allport defined prejudice as a "feeling, favorable or unfavorable, toward a person or thing, prior to, or not based on, actual experience". [6]
[48] [49] [50] Another technique that has been studied to reduce prejudice through intergroup relations included sparking interest in another person's culture that was different than their own. [51] A meta-analysis of 515 studies found that there seemed to be a connection between intergroup contact and lower levels of intergroup prejudice. [52]
Intergroup approaches to prejudice reduction have been studied a great deal in laboratory settings, as well as outside of the laboratory, particularly in schools. [1] Many intergroup prejudice reduction approaches are grounded in one of 3 main theoretical perspectives: interdependence, [2] intergroup contact, [3] and social identity. [4]
In psychology and cognitive science, a memory bias is a cognitive bias that either enhances or impairs the recall of a memory (either the chances that the memory will be recalled at all, or the amount of time it takes for it to be recalled, or both), or that alters the content of a reported memory. There are many types of memory bias, including: