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A common antibiotic used to treat liver disease could give rise to an “almost untreatable” superbug, scientists warned in a new study.. The antibiotic, rifaximin, has enabled the global ...
A group of enzymes located in the endoplasmic reticulum, known as cytochrome P-450, is the most important family of metabolizing enzymes in the liver. Cytochrome P-450 is not a single enzyme, but rather consists of a closely related family of 50 isoforms ; six of them metabolize 90% of drugs.
It also can cause headaches, insomnia, and abnormal liver function tests. Allergic reactions include rashes and anaphylaxis . Less common side effects (<1%) include extreme irritability, hallucinations (auditory and visual), dizziness/motion sickness, and alteration in senses of smell and taste, including a metallic taste.
In cases where antibiotics have been suggested to affect the efficiency of birth control pills, such as for the broad-spectrum antibiotic rifampicin, these cases may be due to an increase in the activities of hepatic liver enzymes' causing increased breakdown of the pill's active ingredients. [56]
The cause of the mild, transient serum enzyme elevations during imipenem-cilastatin therapy is not known. The cholestatic hepatitis attributed to imipenem-cilastatin and the carbapenems is probably immunoallergic and resembles the rare, clinically apparent liver injury that has been linked to penicillins and cephalosporins. [citation needed]
Muscle sources of the enzymes, such as intense exercise, are unrelated to liver function and can markedly increase AST and ALT. [5] Cirrhosis of the liver or fulminant liver failure secondary to hepatitis commonly reach values for both ALT and AST in the >1000 U/L range; however, many people with liver disease have normal transaminases.
Most of erythromycin is metabolised by demethylation in the liver by the hepatic enzyme CYP3A4. Its main elimination route is in the bile with little renal excretion, 2%–15% unchanged drug. Erythromycin's elimination half-life ranges between 1.5 and 2.0 hours and is between 5 and 6 hours in patients with end-stage renal disease.
Before treating a person for a long period of time, measurements of liver enzymes and blood counts are recommended. [3] Rifampicin may be given either by mouth or intravenously. [3] Common side effects include nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, and loss of appetite. [3] It often turns urine, sweat, and tears a red or orange color. [3]