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Before reaching the hilus of the kidney, each artery divides into four or five branches. The anterior branches (the upper, middle, lower and apical segmental arteries) lie between the renal vein and ureter, the vein being in front, the ureter behind. The posterior branches, which are fewer in number and include the posterior segmental artery ...
Each renal artery branches into segmental arteries, dividing further into interlobar arteries, which penetrate the renal capsule and extend through the renal columns between the renal pyramids. The interlobar arteries then supply blood to the arcuate arteries that run through the boundary of the cortex and the medulla.
Due to the right-ward displacement of the inferior vena cava from the midline, the left renal vein is some 3 times longer than the right one (~7.5 cm and ~2.5 cm, respectively). [1] The renal vein divides into 4 divisions upon entering the kidney: [contradictory] [citation needed] the anterior branch which receives blood from the anterior ...
A recessed area on the concave border is the renal hilum, where the renal artery enters the kidney and the renal vein and ureter leave. The kidney is surrounded by tough fibrous tissue, the renal capsule , which is itself surrounded by perirenal fat , renal fascia , and pararenal fat .
When renal blood flow is reduced (indicating hypotension) or there is a decrease in sodium or chloride ion concentration, the macula densa of the distal tubule releases prostaglandins (mainly PGI2 and PGE2) and nitric oxide, which cause the juxtaglomerular cells lining the afferent arterioles to release renin, activating the renin–angiotensin–aldosterone system, to increase blood pressure ...
The axillary artery; The brachial artery; The radial artery; The ulnar artery; The arteries of the trunk The descending aorta. The thoracic aorta; The abdominal aorta; The common iliac arteries The hypogastric artery; The external iliac artery; The arteries of the lower extremity The femoral artery; The popliteal artery; The anterior tibial artery
anterior tibial artery. post. tibial recurrent artery; ant. tibial recurrent artery; muscular branches; anterior medial malleolar artery; anterior lateral malleolar artery; Dorsalis pedis artery; posterior tibial artery. fibular artery (sometimes from popliteal artery) communicating branch to the anterior tibial artery
Terminations of the vasa recta form the straight venules, branches from the plexuses at the apices of the medullary pyramids. They run outward in a straight course between the tubes of the medullary substance and join the interlobular veins to form venous arcades. These in turn unite and form veins which pass along the sides of the renal pyramids.