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The requirements for structures in consequence classes 2 and 3 can be found in EN 1991-1-7 Eurocode 1 - Actions on structures - Part 1-7: General actions - Accidental actions. Additional requirements and requirements for structures in consequence class 1 can be found in the material specific Eurocode parts, EN 1992 for concrete structures, EN ...
The humidity content of concrete is one of the main influencing factors of CO 2 diffusion in concrete. If concrete pores are completely and permanently saturated (for instance in submerged structures) CO 2 diffusion is prevented. On the other hand, for completely dry concrete, the chemical reaction of carbonation cannot occur.
A Study of Combined Bending and Axial Load in Reinforced Concrete Members. University of Illinois, Engineering Experiment Station, Bulletin Series N. 399. Jennings, Alan (2004) Structures: From Theory to Practice. Taylor & Francis. ISBN 978-0-415-26843-1. Leonhardt, A. (1964). Vom Caementum zum Spannbeton, Band III (From Cement to Prestressed ...
For this reasons, the size effect on the strength in brittle failures of concrete structures and structural laminates has long been ignored. Then, however, the failure probability, which is required to be < 10 − 6 {\displaystyle <10^{-6}} , and actually does have such values for normal-size structures, may become for very large structures as ...
EN 1994-1-2 deals with the design of composite steel and concrete structures for the accidental situation of fire exposure and is intended to be used in conjunction with EN 1994-1-1 and EN 1991-1-2. This part only identifies differences from, or supplements to, normal temperature design and deals only with passive methods of fire protection.
Concrete has a very low coefficient of thermal expansion, and as it matures concrete shrinks. All concrete structures will crack to some extent, due to shrinkage and tension. Concrete which is subjected to long-duration forces is prone to creep. The density of concrete varies, but is around 2,400 kilograms per cubic metre (150 lb/cu ft). [1]
Lahlouh and Waldron [13] were some of the earliest researchers to achieve a degree of success in finite element modelling of the phenomenon. In 1993, Kuang and Morley [14] presented a plasticity approach which included the effect of compressive membrane action on the punching shear strength of laterally restrained concrete slabs.
EN 1994 Eurocode 4 : Design of composite steel and concrete structures; EN 1995 Eurocode 5 : Design of timber structures; EN 1996 Eurocode 6 : Design of masonry structures; EN 1997 Eurocode 7 : Geotechnical design; EN 1998 Eurocode 8 : Design of structures for earthquake resistance; EN 1999 Eurocode 9 : Design of aluminium structures