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The inferior alveolar nerve, which is a branch of the mandibular nerve, must be identified during surgery and worked around carefully in order to minimize nerve damage. The numbness may be either temporary, or more rarely, permanent. [25] Recovery from the nerve damage typically occurs within three months after repair.
The mandibular nerve immediately passes between tensor veli palatini, which is medial, and lateral pterygoid, which is lateral, and gives off a meningeal branch (nervus spinosus) and the nerve to medial pterygoid from its medial side. The nerve then divides into a small anterior division and a large posterior division.
The risk of nerve injury in relation to mandibular dental implants is not known but it is a recognised risk requiring the patient to be warned. [10] If an injury occurs urgent treatment is required. The risk nerve injury in relation deep dental injections has a risk of injury in approximately 1:14,000 with 25% of these remaining persistent.
Nerve injuries occur in 3.7% of the patients after the mandibular setback surgery. [49] Cutting and repositioning of the mandible in the surgery can potentially damage nerves in the mandible that is responsible for sensation and movement. Specifically, the inferior alveolar nerve are the commonly affected nerve in the surgery. [50]
Thus the facial artery can be used as an important landmark in locating the marginal mandibular nerve during surgical procedures. [2] Damage can cause paralysis of the three muscles it supplies, which can cause an asymmetrical smile due to lack of contraction of the depressor labii inferioris muscle. [3]
The temporal branch of the facial nerve is typically found between the temporoparietal fascia (i.e., superficial temporal fascia) and temporal fascia (i.e., deep temporal fascia). This layer is also known as the innominate fascia. There are several methods using anatomic landmarks that may be used to find the temporal branch of the facial nerve.
It is a branch of the inferior alveolar nerve. It provides motor innervation the mylohyoid muscle, and the anterior belly of the digastric muscle. It provides sensory innervation to part of the submental area, and sometimes also the mandibular (lower) molar teeth, requiring local anaesthesia for some oral procedures.
The buccal branches of the facial nerve (infraorbital branches), are of larger size than the rest of the branches, pass horizontally forward to be distributed below the orbit and around the mouth. Branches