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  2. Convolution - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Convolution

    The convolution of f and g exists if f and g are both Lebesgue integrable functions in L 1 (R d), and in this case fg is also integrable (Stein & Weiss 1971, Theorem 1.3). This is a consequence of Tonelli's theorem. This is also true for functions in L 1, under the discrete convolution, or more generally for the convolution on any group.

  3. First fundamental form - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_fundamental_form

    Thus, it enables one to calculate the lengths of curves on the surface and the areas of regions on the surface. The line element ds may be expressed in terms of the coefficients of the first fundamental form as d s 2 = E d u 2 + 2 F d u d v + G d v 2 . {\displaystyle ds^{2}=E\,du^{2}+2F\,du\,dv+G\,dv^{2}\,.}

  4. Area - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Area

    The area between the graphs of two functions is equal to the integral of one function, f(x), minus the integral of the other function, g(x): A = ∫ a b ( f ( x ) − g ( x ) ) d x , {\displaystyle A=\int _{a}^{b}(f(x)-g(x))\,dx,} where f ( x ) {\displaystyle f(x)} is the curve with the greater y-value.

  5. Surface area - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surface_area

    A sphere of radius r has surface area 4πr 2.. The surface area (symbol A) of a solid object is a measure of the total area that the surface of the object occupies. [1] The mathematical definition of surface area in the presence of curved surfaces is considerably more involved than the definition of arc length of one-dimensional curves, or of the surface area for polyhedra (i.e., objects with ...

  6. Riemann sum - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riemann_sum

    The sum is calculated by partitioning the region into shapes (rectangles, trapezoids, parabolas, or cubics—sometimes infinitesimally small) that together form a region that is similar to the region being measured, then calculating the area for each of these shapes, and finally adding all of these small areas together.

  7. Summation by parts - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Summation_by_parts

    It may be used to prove Nicomachus's theorem that the sum of the first cubes equals the square of the sum of the first positive integers. [2] Summation by parts is frequently used to prove Abel's theorem and Dirichlet's test.

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    mail.aol.com

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  9. Area of a triangle - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Area_of_a_triangle

    In geometry, calculating the area of a triangle is an elementary problem encountered often in many different situations. The best known and simplest formula is T = b h / 2 , {\displaystyle T=bh/2,} where b is the length of the base of the triangle, and h is the height or altitude of the triangle.