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The main symptom is usually severe central chest pain. Other symptoms include laboured breathing, voice distortion (as with helium) and subcutaneous emphysema, specifically affecting the face, neck, and chest. [4] Pneumomediastinum can also be characterized by the shortness of breath that is typical of a respiratory system problem.
Hamman's syndrome, also known as Macklin's syndrome, is a syndrome of spontaneous subcutaneous emphysema [1] (air in the subcutaneous tissues of the skin) and pneumomediastinum (air in the mediastinum, the center of the chest cavity), sometimes associated with pain and, less commonly, dyspnea (difficulty breathing), dysphonia, and a low-grade fever.
Hamman's sign (rarely, Hammond's sign [1] or Hammond's crunch [2]) is a medical sign consisting of a crunching, rasping sound, synchronous with the heartbeat, [3] heard over the precordium in spontaneous mediastinal emphysema.
Signs and symptoms of spontaneous subcutaneous emphysema vary based on the cause, but it is often associated with swelling of the neck and chest pain, and may also involve sore throat, neck pain, difficulty swallowing, wheezing and difficulty breathing. [5] Chest X-rays may show air in the mediastinum, the middle of the chest cavity. [5]
Its treatment includes immediate antibiotic therapy to prevent mediastinitis and sepsis, surgical repair of the perforation, [13] and if there is significant fluid loss it should be replaced with IV fluid therapy since oral rehydration is not possible. Even with early surgical intervention (within 24 hours) the risk of death is 25%.
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Orbital emphysema on its own is a mild and self-limiting disease, and usually requires no treatment. If related visual symptoms or other acute orbital compression symptoms are present, [12] lateral canthotomy or cantholysis, orbital decompression by needle aspiration, [7] [4] and bone decompression [11] [6] [13] [14] [15] [5] may be required to ...