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Water softening is achieved by percolating hard water through a bed of the sodium form of cross-linked polystyrene sulfonate. The hard ions such as calcium (Ca 2+) and magnesium (Mg 2+) adhere to the sulfonate groups, displacing sodium ions. The resulting solution of sodium ions is softened.
The sulfonate ion. In organosulfur chemistry, a sulfonate is a salt, anion or ester of a sulfonic acid. Its formula is R−S(=O) 2 −O −, containing the functional group −S(=O) 2 −O −, where R is typically an organyl group, amino group or a halogen atom. Sulfonates are the conjugate bases of sulfonic acids.
The first class of water reducers was the lignosulfonates which has been used since the 1930s. These inexpensive products were derived from wood and paper industry, but are now advantageously replaced by other synthetic sulfonate and polycarboxylate, also known as superplasticizers. Water reducers offer several advantages in their use, listed ...
The reduction in water content allows lower kiln temperatures to dry the plasterboard, saving energy. The ability of lignosulfonates to reduce the viscosity of mineral slurries ( deflocculation ) is used to advantage in oil drilling mud , where it replaced tannic acids from quebracho (a tropical tree).
In most cases, water retention is a result of too much sodium (salt) in the body. Essentially, your body holds onto water to try and keep your hydration levels stable, Dr. Kausel says. "Eating too ...
Water weight, also known as water retention, is a buildup of excess water or fluid in the body's tissues, which can occur for a variety of reasons, Dr. Felice Schnoll-Sussman, gastroenterologist ...
[9] [30] Wetting solutions reduce surface runoff of water and nutrients and enhance water infiltration in water repelling soil by reducing surface tension. [31] Wetting-solution-treated soil has shown to retain high water content and an even distribution of nutrients in the root zone that are in deep soil areas, benefiting crop yield and ...
α-Olefin sulfonates with linear alkenyl radicals from C 12 to C 18 are used as anionic surfactants in various areas of application due to their pronounced foam formation [clarification needed] and foam stability (even with high water hardness), excellent fat-dissolving power and oil dissolving power as well as a favorable ecological profile and low aquatic toxicity and human toxicity.