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Microbes can form an endosymbiotic relationship with larger organisms. For example, the bacteria that live within the human digestive system contribute to human health through gut immunity, the synthesis of vitamins such as folic acid and biotin, and the fermentation of complex indigestible carbohydrates. [20]
The relationship between some gut microbiota and humans is not merely commensal (a non-harmful coexistence), but rather a mutualistic relationship. [3] Some human gut microorganisms benefit the host by fermenting dietary fiber into short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), such as acetic acid and butyric acid, which are then absorbed by the host.
Humans are home to 10 13 to 10 14 bacteria, roughly equivalent to the number of human cells, [2] and while these bacteria can be pathogenic to their host most of them are mutually beneficial to both the host and bacteria. The human immune system consists of two main types of immunity: innate and adaptive.
Gut bacteria in humans often aid in the breakdown of foods and synthesize important vitamins that could not be processed by humans alone. [16] Therefore, humans must be careful when taking antibiotics when they are sick. Antibiotics do not differentiate between the good and bad bacteria in our bodies and therefore, kill both.
Experts are interested in exploring the complex relationship between the bacteria in the gut and brain functions that impact mental health. ... The human equivalent of corticosterone is cortisol ...
Mutualism occurs when both the pathogen and the host benefit from the interaction, as seen in the human stomach. Many of the bacteria aid in breaking down nutrients for the host, and in return, our bodies act as their ecosystem. [7] Parasitism occurs when the pathogen benefits from the relationship while the host is harmed.
Some microorganisms that colonize humans are commensal, meaning they co-exist without harming or benefiting humans; others have a mutualistic relationship with their human hosts. [154]: 700 [156] Conversely, some non-pathogenic microorganisms can harm human hosts via the metabolites they produce, like trimethylamine, which the human body ...
The Human Microbiome Project launched in 2008 was a United States National Institutes of Health initiative to identify and characterize microorganisms found in both healthy and diseased humans. [85] The five-year project, best characterized as a feasibility study with a budget of $115 million, tested how changes in the human microbiome are ...