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In science, computing, and engineering, a black box is a system which can be viewed in terms of its inputs and outputs (or transfer characteristics), without any knowledge of its internal workings. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] Its implementation is "opaque" (black).
The problem does not have to be computable; the oracle is not assumed to be a Turing machine or computer program. The oracle is simply a "black box" that is able to produce a solution for any instance of a given computational problem: A decision problem is represented as a set A of natural numbers (or strings). An instance of the problem is an ...
definition: is defined as metalanguage:= means "from now on, is defined to be another name for ." This is a statement in the metalanguage, not the object language. The notation may occasionally be seen in physics, meaning the same as :=.
In science studies, the social process of blackboxing is based on the abstract notion of a black box.To cite Bruno Latour, blackboxing is "the way scientific and technical work is made invisible by its own success.
Names of many computer terms, especially computer applications, often relate to the function they perform, e.g., a compiler is an application that compiles (programming language source code into the computer's machine language). However, there are other terms with less obvious origins, which are of etymological interest.
In computer science, boxing (a.k.a. wrapping) is the transformation of placing a primitive type within an object so that the value can be used as a reference. Unboxing is the reverse transformation of extracting the primitive value from its wrapper object.
CA—Computer Accountancy; CAD—Computer-Aided Design; CAE—Computer-Aided Engineering; CAID—Computer-Aided Industrial Design; CAI—Computer-Aided Instruction; CAM—Computer-Aided Manufacturing; CAP—Consistency Availability Partition tolerance (theorem) CAPTCHA—Completely Automated Public Turing Test to tell Computers and Humans Apart
A noted application, of speech synthesis, was the Kurzweil Reading Machine for the Blind which incorporated text-to-phonetics software based on work from Haskins Laboratories and a black-box synthesizer built by Votrax. [95] Stephen Hawking was one of the most famous people to use a speech computer to communicate.