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Iceland: Advise that pregnant women abstain from alcohol during pregnancy because no safe consumption level exists. [27] Israel: Women should avoid consuming alcohol before and during pregnancy [27] [45] The Netherlands: Abstinence [27] New Zealand: "Women who are pregnant or planning to become pregnant should avoid drinking alcohol." [46]
Alcohol has been consumed in New Zealand since the arrival of Europeans. The most popular alcoholic beverage is beer. [1] The legal age to purchase alcohol is 18. [2] New Zealand has an above average consumption rate of alcohol, in 2016 ranking 32nd globally in per-capita total alcohol consumption. [3]
Alcohol concentration in beverages is commonly expressed as alcohol by volume (ABV), ranging from less than 0.1% in fruit juices to up to 98% in rare cases of spirits. A "standard drink" is used globally to quantify alcohol intake, though its definition varies widely by country. Serving sizes of alcoholic beverages also vary by country.
In countries without labeling, it is possible to calculate the pure alcohol mass in a serving from the concentration, density of alcohol, and volume: = For example, a 350 ml (12 US fl oz) glass of beer with an ABV of 5.5% contains 19.25 ml of pure alcohol, which has a density of 0.78945 g/mL (at 20 °C), [ 32 ] and therefore a mass of 15.20 ...
The level of ethanol consumption that minimizes the risk of disease, injury, and death is subject to some controversy. [16] Several studies have found a J-shaped relationship between alcohol consumption and health, [17] [18] [2] [19] meaning that risk is minimized at a certain (non-zero) consumption level, and drinking below or above this level increases risk, with the risk level of drinking a ...
A new federal report shows that one drink per day could raise the risk of liver damage and several cancers. The report follows a recommendation by the U.S. Surgeon General on safe alcohol ...
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Under conditions of moderate alcohol consumption where blood alcohol levels average 0.06–0.08 percent and decrease 0.01–0.02 percent per hour, an alcohol clearance rate of 4–5 hours would coincide with disruptions in sleep maintenance in the second half of an 8-hour sleep episode.