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Nootropics (/ n oʊ. ə ˈ t r oʊ p ɪ k s / noh-ə-TROHP-iks or / n oʊ. ə ˈ t r ɒ p ɪ k s / noh-ə-TROP-iks), [1] colloquially brain supplements, smart drugs and cognitive enhancers, are natural, semisynthetic or synthetic compounds which purportedly improve cognitive functions, such as executive functions, attention or memory.
A cerebral activator, also known as a cerebral metabolic enhancer or activator, is a type of drug that "activates" the central nervous system in the context of cerebrovascular diseases such as stroke and dementia. The term has been used specifically to describe a few Japanese drugs, such as indeloxazine and bifemelane. [1] [2] [3]
Neuroenhancement or cognitive enhancement is the experimental use of pharmacological or non-pharmacological methods intended to improve cognitive and affective abilities in healthy people who do not have a mental illness.
Its effects generally begin within two hours and last for up to 14 hours. [16] Common side effects of lisdexamfetamine include loss of appetite, anxiety, diarrhea, trouble sleeping, irritability, and nausea. [16] Rare but serious side effects include mania, sudden cardiac death in those with underlying heart problems, and psychosis. [16]
A few endogenous MAEs have been identified, including the trace amines β-phenylethylamine (PEA), tyramine, and tryptamine. [1] [11] At a concentration of 16 μM (1.6 × 10 −5 M), β-phenylethylamine has been shown to act as a MAE for norepinephrine (2.6-fold increase), dopamine (1.3-fold increase), and serotonin (2.3-fold increase) in the rat brainstem in vitro.
The most common side effects include nausea/vomiting, sweating, loss of appetite, dizziness, headache, increase in suicidal thoughts, and sexual dysfunction. [70] Elevation of norepinephrine levels can sometimes cause anxiety, mildly elevated pulse, and elevated blood pressure.
It can be noted that memantine is an antagonist at α 7 nAChR, which may contribute to initial worsening of cognitive function during early memantine treatment. α 7 nAChR upregulates quickly in response to antagonism, which could explain the cognitive-enhancing effects of chronic memantine treatment.
Aside from effects on the brain, the general physical risks of ECT are similar to those of brief general anesthesia. [3]: 259 Immediately following treatment, the most common adverse effects are confusion and transient memory loss. [4] [5] Among treatments for severely depressed pregnant women, ECT is one of the least harmful to the fetus. [6]
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