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Eye development is initiated by the master control gene PAX6, a homeobox gene with known homologues in humans (aniridia), mice (small eye), and Drosophila (eyeless). The PAX6 gene locus is a transcription factor for the various genes and growth factors involved in eye formation. [1] [5] Eye morphogenesis begins with the evagination, or ...
The interactions of genes with environment, called gene–environment interactions, are another component of the nature–nurture debate. A classic example of gene–environment interaction is the ability of a diet low in the amino acid phenylalanine to partially suppress the genetic disease phenylketonuria.
Whether the eye evolved once or many times depends on the definition of an eye. All eyed animals share much of the genetic machinery for eye development. This suggests that the ancestor of eyed animals had some form of light-sensitive machinery – even if it was not a dedicated optical organ.
Sociogenomics, also known as social genomics, is the field of research that examines why and how different social factors and processes (e.g., social stress, conflict, isolation, attachment, etc.) affect the activity of the genome.
Dual inheritance theory (DIT), also known as gene–culture coevolution or biocultural evolution, [1] was developed in the 1960s through early 1980s to explain how human behavior is a product of two different and interacting evolutionary processes: genetic evolution and cultural evolution.
As of 2010, as many as 16 genes have been associated with eye color inheritance. Some of the eye-color genes include OCA2 and HERC2. [9] [10] The earlier belief that blue eye color is a recessive trait has been shown to be incorrect, and the genetics of eye color are so complex that almost any parent-child combination of eye colors can occur.
A genetic basis for instinctive behavioral traits among non-human species, such as in the above example, is commonly accepted among many biologists; however, attempting to use a genetic basis to explain complex behaviors in human societies has remained extremely controversial.
Color vision deficiencies can be classified as inherited or acquired. Inherited: inherited or congenital/genetic color vision deficiencies are most commonly caused by mutations of the genes encoding opsin proteins. However, several other genes can also lead to less common and/or more severe forms of color blindness.