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In narratology, focalisation is the perspective through which a narrative is presented, as opposed to an omniscient narrator. [1] Coined by French narrative theorist Gérard Genette, his definition distinguishes between internal focalisation (first-person) and external focalisation (third-person, fixed on the actions of and environments around a character), with zero focalisation representing ...
Diegesis (/ ˌ d aɪ ə ˈ dʒ iː s ɪ s /; from Ancient Greek διήγησις (diḗgēsis) 'narration, narrative', from διηγεῖσθαι (diēgeîsthai) 'to narrate') is a style of fiction storytelling in which a participating narrator offers an on-site, often interior, view of the scene to the reader, viewer, or listener by subjectively describing the actions and, in some cases ...
A narrator whose nature is revealed through their own narration and without their conscious awareness. [6]: 158 The naïf narrator lacks the experience "to deal in any far-reaching manner with the moral, ethical, emotional, and intellectual questions which arise from his first ventures into the world and from his account of those ventures."
Genette said narrative mood is dependent on the 'distance' and 'perspective' of the narrator, and like music, narrative mood has predominant patterns. It is related to voice. Distance of the narrator changes with: Narrated speech- words and actions of characters are integrated into the narration.
Unreliable narrator: The narrator of the story is not sincere, or introduces a bias in their narration and possibly misleads the reader, hiding or minimizing events, characters, or motivations. An example is The Murder of Roger Ackroyd. The novel includes an unexpected plot twist at the end of the novel.
A homodiegetic narrator is a character inside the story (who may appear or not), a special case of the homodiegetic narrator is the autodiegetic narrator (narrator=protagonist). A heterodiegetic narrator is not part of the world of the narration.
The narrator is still distinct from the author and must behave like any other character and any other first-person narrator. Examples of this kind of narrator include Jim Carroll in The Basketball Diaries and Kurt Vonnegut, Jr. in Timequake (in this case, the first-person narrator is also the author). In some cases, the narrator is writing a ...
The Reluctant Fundamentalist is a "metafictional" [1] novel by Pakistani author Mohsin Hamid, published in 2007.. The novel uses the technique of a frame story, which takes place during the course of a single evening in an outdoor Lahore cafe, where a bearded Pakistani man called Changez tells a nervous American stranger about his love affair with an American woman, and his eventual ...