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Injection of substances which irritate the veins; in particular, fluids that are hypertonic (high osmolality), vasoactive, irritants, with an extreme pH (very acidic or alkaline), [5] many chemotherapeutic drugs [4] or liquid methadone intended for oral use. Smaller veins may collapse as a consequence of too much suction being used when pulling ...
The pathophysiology of cranial venous outflow obstruction involves the disruption of normal venous drainage from the brain. Cerebral veins play a crucial role in draining brain interstitial fluid (ISF), and their significance has been linked in various neurological conditions. [1] It can be caused by extrinsic or intrinsic anomalies. [7]
Treatment based on the idea of CCSVI is considered experimental. [6] Balloon dilatation of stenosed jugular vein in a MS patient. Stenosis prevents the balloon from inflating (in the middle) while pressure is low. Further trials are required to determine if the benefits, if any, of the procedure outweigh its risks. [22]
Extravasation is the leakage of intravenously (IV) infused, and potentially damaging, medications into the extravascular tissue around the site of infusion. The leakage can occur through brittle veins in the elderly, through previous venipuncture access, or through direct leakage from wrongly positioned venous access devices.
Situations that can result in decreased or delayed access to peripheral veins, and thus necessitate the use of an IO route to infuse medications and fluids include circumstances such as burns, fluid accumulation , past IV drug use, obesity, and very low blood pressure.
Chronic venous insufficiency (CVI) is a medical condition characterized by blood pooling in the veins, leading to increased pressure and strain on the vein walls. [1] The most common cause of CVI is superficial venous reflux, which often results in the formation of varicose veins, a treatable condition. [2]
But the U.S. drug treatment system — which is mostly a hodgepodge of abstinence-only and 12-step-based facilities that resemble either minimum-security prisons or tropical spas — has for the most part ignored the medical science and been slow to embrace medication-assisted treatment, as The Huffington Post reported in January. As a result ...
The use of ultrasonography in a medical application was first used in the late 1940s in the United States. This use was soon followed in other countries with further research and development being carried out. The first report on Doppler ultrasound as a diagnostic tool for vascular disease was published in 1967–1968.