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This page contains tables of azeotrope data for various binary and ternary mixtures of solvents. The data include the composition of a mixture by weight (in binary azeotropes, when only one fraction is given, it is the fraction of the second component), the boiling point (b.p.) of a component, the boiling point of a mixture, and the specific gravity of the mixture.
The polarity, dipole moment, polarizability and hydrogen bonding of a solvent determines what type of compounds it is able to dissolve and with what other solvents or liquid compounds it is miscible. Generally, polar solvents dissolve polar compounds best and non-polar solvents dissolve non-polar compounds best; hence "like dissolves like".
Water is the most polar solvent in the reversed phase mobile phase; therefore, lowering the polarity of the mobile phase by adding modifiers enhances its elution strength. The two most widely used organic modifiers are acetonitrile and methanol, although acetonitrile is the more popular choice.
This Wikipedia page provides a comprehensive list of boiling and freezing points for various solvents.
Download as PDF; Printable version; In other projects ... acetonitrile: 75-05-8 CH 3 CH 2 CH(OH)CH 2 OH: 1,2-Butanediol: ... Solvent miscibility table
In the table above, it can be seen that water is the most polar-solvent, followed by DMSO, and then acetonitrile. Consider the following acid dissociation equilibrium: HA ⇌ A − + H + Water, being the most polar-solvent listed above, stabilizes the ionized species to a greater extent than does DMSO or Acetonitrile.
Table data obtained from CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 44th ed. The "(s)" notation indicates temperature of solid/vapor equilibrium. Otherwise the data is temperature of liquid/vapor equilibrium. log 10 of Acetonitrile vapor pressure.
Using again the example of the water/ethanol azeotrope, the liquid can be shaken with calcium oxide, which reacts strongly with water to form the nonvolatile compound, calcium hydroxide. Nearly all of the calcium hydroxide can be separated by filtration and the filtrate redistilled to obtain 100% pure ethanol.