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Similarly, when you turn a 3 into a 2 in the following decimal position, you are turning 30×10 n into 2×10 n, which is the same as subtracting 30×10 n −28×10 n, and this is again subtracting a multiple of 7. The same reason applies for all the remaining conversions: 20×10 n − 6×10 n =14×10 n
More systematically and more efficiently, two integers can be divided with pencil and paper with the method of short division, if the divisor is small, or long division, if the divisor is larger. If the dividend has a fractional part (expressed as a decimal fraction ), one can continue the procedure past the ones place as far as desired.
Long division is the standard algorithm used for pen-and-paper division of multi-digit numbers expressed in decimal notation. It shifts gradually from the left to the right end of the dividend, subtracting the largest possible multiple of the divisor (at the digit level) at each stage; the multiples then become the digits of the quotient, and the final difference is then the remainder.
In binary arithmetic, division by two can be performed by a bit shift operation that shifts the number one place to the right. This is a form of strength reduction optimization. For example, 1101001 in binary (the decimal number 105), shifted one place to the right, is 110100 (the decimal number 52): the lowest order bit, a 1, is removed.
Decimal numbers are not divided directly, the dividend and divisor are multiplied by a power of ten so that the division involves two whole numbers. Therefore, if one were dividing 12,7 by 0,4 (commas being used instead of decimal points), the dividend and divisor would first be changed to 127 and 4, and then the division would proceed as above.
Integer arithmetic is not closed under division. This means that when dividing one integer by another integer, the result is not always an integer. For instance, 7 divided by 2 is not a whole number but 3.5. [73] One way to ensure that the result is an integer is to round the result to a whole number.
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d() is the number of positive divisors of n, including 1 and n itself; σ() is the sum of the positive divisors of n, including 1 and n itselfs() is the sum of the proper divisors of n, including 1 but not n itself; that is, s(n) = σ(n) − n