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Relations between the Duchy of Austria and the Kingdom of England were established in the Middle Ages through interactions of their respective rulers. A notable example is Duke Leopold V's imprisonment of King Richard I in 1193. From 1731 to 1756, Great Britain was closely aligned with the Austrian Habsburg monarchy in the Anglo-Austrian Alliance.
Britain was then allied to France, but the relationship was slowly declining, and by 1731, they would be considered enemies again. [2] When, in 1727, the Spanish mounted the Thirteenth siege of Gibraltar during the Anglo-Spanish War , British diplomats persuaded the Austrians not to assist the Spanish by offering a number of concessions.
From 1920 to 1933, Britain and Germany were on generally good terms, as shown by the Locarno Treaties [48] and the Kellogg–Briand Pact, which helped reintegrate Germany into Europe. At the 1922 Genoa Conference , Britain clashed openly with France over the amount of reparations to be collected from Germany.
The German Confederation was also led by Austria from 1815 to 1866. In 1866 Austria was firstly separated from Germany and German Confederation was dissolved. In 1867, the multi-ethnic Austro-Hungarian Empire was established and led by Austria; it was rivaled by the North German Confederation from 1866 to 1871 and German Empire led by the Kingdom of Prussia rivaled Austria.
Since 1731, Britain had been tied to Prussia's major rival, Austria, by the Anglo-Austrian Alliance.Prussia had been allied to Britain's enemy, France.After the War of the Austrian Succession, Austria had lost the valuable province of Silesia, and Empress Maria Theresa tried to gain British support for a proposed military action to reclaim it.
Britain and Germany each tried to improve relations, but British distrust of Kaiser Wilhelm II of Germany for his recklessness ran deep. The Kaiser did indeed meddle in Africa in support of the Boers, which soured relations. [203] The main accomplishment was a friendly 1890 treaty.
The impact of the Triple Entente was to improve British relations with France and its ally Russia and to demote the importance to Britain of good relations with Germany. After 1905, foreign policy was tightly controlled by the Liberal foreign minister Edward Grey (1862–1933), who seldom consulted the Cabinet.
Britain intervened diplomatically to ease the tense situation between Prussia and Austria. [ 18 ] [ 19 ] The major outstanding international issue was relations with the United States, and the emerging threat by Irish Catholic Fenian Brotherhood based in the United States to attack Canada in a failed effort to make Ireland independent.