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Surface weather observations can include the following elements: The Station Identifier, or Location identifier, consists of four characters for METAR observations, [13] with the first representing the region of the world the station lies within. For example, the first letter for areas in and around the Pacific Ocean is P, and for Europe is E.
METAR indicates that the following is a standard hourly observation. KTTN is the ICAO identifier for the Trenton-Mercer Airport . 051853Z indicates the day of the month is the 5th and the time of day is 1853 Zulu/ UTC , or 1:53PM Eastern Standard Time .
In the United Kingdom, when the observation is taken from an automated weather observation site, the shape is a triangle. [10] If the shape is completely filled in, it is overcast. If conditions are completely clear, the circle or triangle is empty.
In weather forecasting, model output statistics (MOS) is a multiple linear regression technique in which predictands, often near-surface quantities (such as two-meter-above-ground-level air temperature, horizontal visibility, and wind direction, speed and gusts), are related statistically to one or more predictors.
SYNOP (surface synoptic observations) is a numerical code (called FM-12 by WMO) used for reporting weather observations made by staffed and automated weather stations. SYNOP reports are typically sent every six hours by Deutscher Wetterdienst on shortwave and low frequency using RTTY .
The World Meteorological Organization acts to standardize the instrumentation, observing practices and timing of these observations worldwide. Stations either report hourly in METAR reports, [36] or every six hours in SYNOP reports. [37] Sites launch radiosondes, which rise through the depth of the troposphere and well into the stratosphere. [38]
A TTF is a professionally considered forecast for weather over a two-hour period, [1] and is based on an actual weather report, such as a METAR or SPECI and appended to the end of it. [1] A TTF is similar to or sometimes in addition to a TAF, a terminal aerodrome forecast, but during the TTF's validity period is considered superior to a TAF.
Each science has its own unique sets of laboratory equipment. Meteorology, however, is a science which does not use much laboratory equipment but relies more on on-site observation and remote sensing equipment. In science, an observation, or observable, is an abstract idea that can be measured and for which data can be taken. Rain was one of ...